12. A study conducted by researchers at Penn State investigated whether time perception is impaired during alcohol withdrawal. They hypothesized that people with withdrawal symptoms overestimate the elapsed time. After 24 hours of alcohol abstinence, 20 alcoholics were asked to estimate how much time had passed during a 45-second period, revealed an average time of 59.3 seconds with a standard deviation of 9.83 seconds. Perform the appropriate p-value test at the 5% significance level. 13. According to Communications Industry Forecast & Report, the average person watched 4.55 hours of television per day in 2005. For a random sample of 20 people the reported average number of hours of television watched per day for last year was 4.76. Assume the population of television viewing is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 2.297 hours. At the 10% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the amount of television watched per day last year by the average person differed from that in 2005? Perform a p-value test. 14. From the Florida State Center for Health Statistics report, Women and Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations, found that, for cardiovascular hospitalizations, the mean age of women is 71.9 years. At one hospital, a random sample of 20 of its female cardiovascular patients had a mean age of 72.91 years. Assume the population women cardiovascular patients is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 13.498 years. At the 5% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the average age of women cardiovascular patients at the one hospital is greater than the mean age of all women cardiovascular patients in Florida? Perform a p-value test. 15. According to the document Consumer Expenditures, a publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average Northeast consumer unit spent $2061 on apparel and services in 2006. That same year, 25 consumers units from the Midwest had the annual average expenditures on apparel and services equal to $1873.76. Assume the expenditure population is normally distributed with a standard deviation of $343.81. At the 5% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the 2006 mean annual expenditure on apparel and series for consumer units in the Midwest was less than the mean annual expenditure in the Northeast? Perform a p-value test. 16. A study investigated the effect of pandemic stress on students at two years colleges in New Jersey. The instrument used was the stress/depression scale with range 1 to 100. The normal mean score on this test is 75. It is well known that these scores follow a normal distribution with standard deviation of 12. This test was administered to a random sample of 30 students from the above population in the spring of 2020 and it was found that the average score was 80. Do we have an evidence that the scores are significantly higher after the pandemic? Explain the meaning of Type 1 and 2 errors and Power in the context of the