12.

Which of the following is NOT a transaction cost that should be considered in the calculation of fair value?

Select one:

a. Transport costs

b. Agent's selling fees

c. Costs associated with marketing the item

d. None of the above, i.e. they are all transaction costs

13.

An example of a bonding cost is:

Select one:

a. Income lost due to the manager being unable to share trade secrets with a competing firm

b. The costs of the provision of quarterly financial statements

c. The cost of an audit

d. Costs to establish management compensation plans

14.

Which of the following is NOT an example of real activities management that could be used to manage earnings?

Select one:

a. Reducing discretionary spending

b. Adjusting loan loss provisions

c. Accelerating sales

d. Delaying research and development