1:26 . LTE 44 9 Physics lab data 10 vx, Object #1 Run # 1 9 8 7 6 x-Velocity, Object # 1 (m/'s) 5 4 W Linear mt + b m = -0.331 + 0.20 N b = 2.10 + 0.13 r = -0.320 1 O -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (s ) v, Object #1 Run # 1 X w w N Line ar O mt + b y-Velocity, Object # 1 (m/'s) m = -7.88 + 0.50 b = 4.60 + 0.33 -2 r = -0.955 - 6 -8method, and explain that from the diffraction Graphics need to be clear, easily read, and well angles the crystal structure can be found by labeled (e.g. Figure 1: Input Frequency and applying Bragg's law. If the amount of introductory material seems to be a lot, consider Capacitor Value) (See also Components of Documents / Using Visuals in Writing adding subheadings such as: Theoretical Principles or Background. important strategy for making your res 3 of 5 effective is to draw the reader's attentic *Note on Verb Tense: Introductions often with a sentence or two, so the reader has a focus create difficulties for students who struggle with when reading the graph. keeping verb tenses straight. These two points In most cases, providing a sample calculation is should help you navigate the introduction: sufficient in the report. Leave the remainder in an The experiment is already finished. Use the past appendix. Likewise, your raw data can be placed tense when talking about the experiment. in an appendix. Refer to appendices as necessary, "The objective of the experiment was..." pointing out trends and identifying special The report, the theory and permanent equipment features. 3 7. The Discussion is the most important part of flaws result from the experimental design explain your report, because here, you show that you how the design might be improved. understand the experiment beyond the simple level of completing it. Explain. Analyse. Interpret. iii) Explain your results in terms of theoretical Some people like to think of this as the issues: Often undergraduate labs are intended to "subjective" part of the report. By that, they mean illustrate important physical laws, such as this is what is not readily observable. This part of Kirchhoff's voltage law, or the Muller-Lyer the lab focuses on a question of understanding illusion. Usually you will have discussed these in "What is the significance or meaning of the the introduction. In this section move from the results?" To answer this question, use both aspects results to the theory. How well has the theory been of discussion, a) Analysis and b) Interpretation. illustrated? a) Analysis: What do the results indicate clearly? iv) Relate results to your experimental What have you found? Explain what you know objective(s): If you set out to identify an unknown with certainty based on your results and draw metal by finding its lattice parameter and its conclusions: atomic structure, you'd better know the metal and Since none of the samples reacted to the Silver foil its attributes. test, sulfide, if present at all, does not exceed a concentration of approximately 0.025 g/1. It is v) Compare your results to similar therefore unlikely that the water main pipe break investigations: In some cases, it is legitimate to was the result of sulfide-induced corrosion. compare outcomes with classmates, not to change your answer, but to look for any anomalies b) Interpretation: What is the significance of the between the groups and discuss those. results? What ambiguities exist? What questions might we raise? Find logical explanations for vi) Analyze the strengths and limitations of problems in the data: your experimental design: This is particularly Although the water samples were received on 14 useful if you designed the thing you're testing (e.g. August 2000, testing could not be started until 10 a circuit). September 2000. It is normally desirably to test as quickly as possible after sampling in order to 8. The Conclusion: can be very short in most avoid potential sample contamination. The effect undergraduate laboratories. Simply state what you of the delay is unknown. know now for sure, as a result of the lab: More particularly, focus your discussion with Example: The Debye-Sherrer method identified strategies like these: the sample material as nickel due to the measured crystal structure (fcc) and atomic radius i) Compare expected results with those (approximately 0.124nm). obtained: If there were differences, how can you account for them? Saying "human error" implies Notice that, after the material is identified in the you're incompetent. Be specific; for example, the example above, the writer provides a justification. instruments could not measure precisely, the We know it is nickel because of its structure and sample was not pure or was contaminated, or size. This makes a sound and sufficient calculated values did not take account of friction. conclusion. Generally, this is enough; however, the conclusion might also be a place to discuss ii) Analyze experimental error: Was it weaknesses of experimental design, what future avoidable? Was it a result of equipment? If an work needs to be done to extend your conclusions, experiment was within the tolerances, you can still or what the implications of your conclusion are account for the difference from the ideal. If the (See also Components of Reports / Conclusions). 4 9. References: include your lab manual and any outside reading you have done. (See Online Handbook / Accurate Documentation for an appropriate way to reference in your field).1:25 . LTE 44 Search X U of T Lab... 4 9. References: include your lab manual and any outside reading you have done. (See Online Handbook / Accurate Documentation for an appropriate way to reference in your field). 10. Appendices typically include such elements as raw data, calculations, graphs pictures or tables that have not been included in the report itself. Each kind of item should be contained in a separate appendix. Make sure you refer to each appendix at least once in your report. For example, the results section might begin by noting: "Micrographs printed from the Scanning Electron Microscope are contained in Appendix A." Useful Further Reading: Porush, David. A short guide to writing about science. Toronto: HarperCollins, 1995. Although, this book uses the "scientific article" as the basic form for writing, it essentially views that as an extended lab report. Therefore, it has useful chapters on each of the sections of a lab report. Our pages in the Online Handbook / Components of Reports Section may also be useful. 2005 Engineering Communication Centre Use of this document is subject to the Engineering Communication Centre's Fair Use Policy. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/fairuse.html SELF-EVALUATION CHECKLIST FOR LAB REPORTS GGR273: Geographic Information and Mapping II The ability to write a scientific report is an essential part of your training. Additionally, laboratory assignments can account for a significant amount of your final mark, so it is recommended that you use this checklist to make sure that your report meets all of the requirements listed below before you submit it. Check to see if you have completed each item and if not make a note of the necessary improvements and then make the relevant changes to your report. Note: Do not submit this checklist, as it is for your own reference.1:26 . LTE 44 9 Physics lab data Line ar X-Velocity, 4 mt + b m = 0.281 + 0.35 b = 1.89 + 0.22 3 r = 0.165 2 1 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (s) 10 vy, Object #1 Run # 1 9 8 7 6 Line ar mt + b m = -8.47 + 0.62 y-Velocity, Object # 1 (m/'s) b = 4.78 +0.39 r= -0.943 4 w 2 O -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (s) 10 vy, Object #1 9 Run # 1 X 8 7 51:26 . LTE 44 9 Physics lab data -2 y-Velocity r = -0.955 -3 - 5 - 6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Time (s) 10 VX, Object #1 Run # 1 9 8 7 6 x-Velocity, Object # 1 (m/'s) 5 Line ar 4 mt + b m = 0.281 + 0.35 = 1.89 + 0.22 w r = 0.165 2 1 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (s) 10 vy, Object #1 Run # 1 X 9 8 7Physics lab data % Linear : mt + b g m =-9,63 i 1.4 .1 4 , b =4.36 i071 ' , r , 2 r = 0.822 yAVelocity, Object #1 (W5) 0 -10 1'3 :l y, Object #1 Run#1 1.2 ' 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 yPosition, Object #1 (m) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 02 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Time (s) 1:25 . LTE 44 Search X U of T Lab... FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION CENTRE SANDFORD FLEMING B670, 35 ST. GEORGE ST., UNIV. OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON. Online Handbook / Types of Documents / Lab Reports This document describes a general format for Lab less than ten words (i.e. Not "Lab #4" but "Lab Reports that you can adapt as needed. Lab reports #4: Sample Analysis using the Debye-Sherrer are the most frequent kind of document written in Method"). engineering and can count for as much as 25% of a course - yet little time or attention is devoted to 2. The Abstract: summarizes four essential how to write them well. Worse yet, each aspects of the report: a) the purpose of the professor wants something a little different. experiment (sometimes expressed as the purpose Regardless of variations, however, the goal of lab of the report) b) key findings, c) significance and reports remains the same: document your findings d) major conclusions. The abstract often also and communicate their significance. With that in includes a brief reference to theory or mind, we can describe the report's format and methodology. The information should clearly basic components. Knowing the pieces and enable readers to decide whether they need to read purpose, you can adapt to the particular needs of a your whole report. The abstract should be one course or professor. paragraph of 100-200 words (the sample below s 191 words). (See also Components of A good lab report does more than present data; it Documents / Abstracts & Executive Summaries) demonstrates the writer's comprehension of the Sample Abstract: concepts behind the data. Merely recording the This experiment examined the effect of line orientation expected and observed results is not sufficient; and arrowhead angle on a subject's ability to perceive you should also identify how and why differences line length, thereby testing the Muller-Lyer illusion. occurred, explain how they affected your The Muller-Lyer illusion is the classic visual experiment, and show your understanding of the illustration of the effect of the surrounding on the principles the experiment was designed to perceived length of a line. The test was to determine examine. Bear in mind that a format, however the point of subjective equality by having subjects helpful, cannot replace clear thinking and adjust line segments to equal the length of a standard organized writing. You still need to organize your line. Twenty-three subjects were tested in a repeated ideas carefully and express them coherently. measures design with four different arrowhead angles and four line orientations. Each condition was tested in Typical Components: six randomized trials. The lines to be adjusted were tipped with outward pointing arrows of varying 1. The Title degrees of pointedness, whereas the standard lines had 1. Title Page Page: needs to inward pointing arrows of the same degree. Results 2. Abstract contain the name showed that line lengths were overestimated in all 3. Methods and Materials of the cases. The size of error increased with decreasing 4. Experimental Procedure experiment, the arrowhead angles. For line orientation, overestimation 5. Results names of lab was greatest when the lines were horizontal. This last 6. Discussion is contrary to our expectations. Further, the two factors partners, and the 7. Conclusion functioned independently in their effects on subjects' date. Titles point of subjective equality. These results have 8. References should be important implications for human factors design 9. Appendices straightforward, applications such as graphical display interfaces. informative, and 2 still exist; therefore, these get the present tense: 3. The Introduction: is more narrowly focused "The purpose of this report is..." than the abstract. It states a) the objective of the "Bragg's Law for diffraction is ..." experiment and b) provides the reader with "The scanning electron microscope background to the experiment. State the topic produces micrographs ..." of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences. When determining the objective, be 4. Methods and Materials (or Equipment): can sure to identify the end goal of the experiment usually be a simple list, but make sure it is itself, not the pedagogical goal of the experiment: accurate and complete. In some cases, you can simply direct the reader to a lab manual or The objective of this experiment was to learn standard procedure: "Equipment was set up as in how to use the SEM. (The Professor's CHE 276 manual." reason for having you do the lab, but not the objective of the lab itself). 5. Experimental Procedure: describes the process in chronological order. Using clear1:25 d Search X U ofT Lab... 3. The Introduction: is more narrowly focused than the abstract. It states a) the objective of the experiment and b) provides the reader with background to the experiment. State the topic of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences. When determining the objective, be sure to identify the end goal of the experiment itself, not the pedagogical goal of the experiment: K The objective of this experiment was to learn how to use the SEM. (The Professor 's reasonfor having you do the lab, but not the objective of the lab itself). W The objective of the experiment was to determine the composition of an unknown sample using Scanning Electron Microscopy. (This is your key result) B' The purpose of this experiment was to identify the Specic element in a metal powder sample by determining its crystal structure and atomic radius. These were determined using the Debye-Sherrer (powder camera) method of Xray diffraction. A good introduction also provides whatever background theory, previous research, or formulas the reader needs to know. Usually, an instructor does not want you to repeat the lab manual, but to show your own comprehension ofthe problem. For example, the introduction that followed the example above might describe the DebyeSherrer method, and explain that from the diffraction angles the crystal structure can be found by applying Bragg's law. If the amount of introductory material seems to be a lot, consider adding subheadings such as: Theoretical Principles or Background. *Note an Verb Tense: Introductions often create difculties for students who struggle with keeping verb tenses straight. These two points should help you navigate the introduction: The experiment is already nished. Use the past tense when talking about the experiment. ' \"The objective ofthe experiment was...\" The report, the theory and permanent equipment 7. The Discussion is the most important part of your report, because here, you show that you understand the experiment beyond the simple level of completing it. Explain. Analyse. Interpret. Some people like to think of this as the "subjective" pan of the report. By that, they mean this is what is not readily observable. This part of the lab focuses on a question of understanding "What is the significance or meaning of the .. LTE E @/E 2 still exist; therefore, these get the present tense: ' \"The purpose ofthis report is..." ' \"Bragg's Law for diffraction is ...\" ' \"The scanning electron microscope produces micrographs ._." 4. Methods and Materials (or Equipment): can usually be a simple list, but make sure it is accurate and complete. In some cases, you can simply direct the reader to a lab manual or standard procedure: \"Equipment was set up as in CHE 276 manual.\" 5. Experimental Procedure: describes the process in chronological order. Using clear paragraph structure, explain all steps in the order they actually happened, not as they were supposed to happen. If your professor says you can simply state that you followed the procedure in the manual, be sure you still document occasions when you did not follow that exactly (e.g. \"At step 4 we performed four repetitions instead of three, and ignored the data from the second repetition"). If you've done it right, another researcher should be able to duplicate your experiment. 6. Results: are usually dominated by calculations, tables and gures; however, you still need to state all signicant results explicitly in verbal form, for example: Using the Calculated lattice parameter gives, then, R = 0. 1244mm. Graphics need to be clear, easily read, and well labeled (e.g. Figure 1: Input Frequency and Capacitor Value) (See also Components of Dneumcm's/ Using Visuals in Writing). An important strategy for making your results effective is to draw the reader's attention to them with a sentence or two, so the reader has a focus when reading the graph. In most cases, providing a sample calculation is sufcient in the report. Leave the remainder in an appendix. Likewise, your raw data can be placed in an appendix. Refer to appendices as necessary, pointing out trends and identifying special features. 3 aws result from the experimental design explain how the design might be improved. iii) Explain your results in terms of theoretical issues: Often undergraduate labs are intended to illustrate important physical laws, such as Kirchhoffs voltage law, or the Muller-Lyer illusion. Usually you will have discussed these in the introduction. In this section move from the results?" To answer this question,W. How well has the theory been of discussion, a) Analysis and b) nterpretation. 1 ustrate . Our pages in the Online Handbook / Components of Reports Section may also be useful. 2005 Engineering Communication Centre Use of this document is subject to the Engineering 5 of 5 Communication Centre's Fair Use Policy. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/fairuse.html SELF-EVALUATION CHECKLIST FOR LAB REPORTS GGR273: Geographic Information and Mapping II The ability to write a scientific report is an essential part of your training. Additionally, laboratory assignments can account for a significant amount of your final mark, so it is recommended that you use this checklist to make sure that your report meets all of the requirements listed below before you submit it. Check to see if you have completed each item and, if not, make a note of the necessary improvements and then make the relevant changes to your report. Note: Do not submit this checklist, as it is for your own reference. The Title Page... contains an informative title, your name, student number, course number, lab section, TA's name, and date submitted The Abstract.. summarizes the whole report in one paragraph provides concise information on the objective, methods, results, discussion and conclusion The Introduction... briefly states the purpose of the assignment and the problem your research will solve provides background information needed to understand the report briefly presents the approach used The Methods section... completely and accurately describes the methods used, in paragraph form with functions in bold provides enough information to allow someone to replicate your work but excludes needless detail mentions specific data used (e.g. the streets file (DMTI Spatial Inc.,) was used...) The Results section... presents the data obtained (e.g., maps, tables, written description) includes figures, tables, graphs if they enhance clarity of presentation of information refers to the relevant self-explanatory figures, tables, graphs in the text (e.g., See Figure 3) has captions above tables but below figures and graphs does not interpret the data or draw conclusions The Discussion section... briefly restates the problem or research question and then states if the objective was met interprets the results and summarizes how the results address the problem identifies any errors found discusses any challenges faced, and strengths and limitations of the project The Conclusion section (either separate or part of the Discussion section).. provides a conclusion arising from the results and the discussion offers suggestions for improvement of the project (if any) Writing Style points are presented in a logical sequence writing is concise and accurate, without any ambiguous statements or run-on sentences used a spell checker to ensure there are no spelling mistakes Adapted with permission from Checklist for Scientific Reports, Dr. Elaine Khoo, 2005. The Writing Centre, University of Toronto at Scarborough. GGR273 Geographic Information and Mapping II, Geography, University of Toronto Page 1 of 11:26 . LTE 44 9 Physics lab data 3 Linear mt + b m = -0.331 + 0.20 N b = 2.10 + 0.13 r = -0.320 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (s) V, Object #1 Run # 1 W w N Line ar O mt + b y-Velocity, Object #1 (m/'s) m = -7.88 + 0.50 b = 4.60 + 0.33 -2 r = -0.955 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3,5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Time (s) 10 VX, Object # 1 Run # 1 9 8 7 6 bject #1 (m/'s) 51:25 4 Search X Projectile... IQ r11 / E .. LTE El SPH4U PROJECTILE MOTION CAPSTONE VIDEO ANALYSIS LAB Overall Goals: . show that a projectile accelerates downward at roughly 98 m/s2 throughout its trajectory - show that a projectile does not accelerate horizontally (maintains constant speed) horizontally throughout its trajectory . demonstrate another aspect of projectile motion theory (that you choose) is true in reality based on experimental data To do this you and a small group of peers will take a video of a tennis ball or similar object being thrown through the air in an arc with some initial velocity above the horizontal (the arc of the trajectory should follow and upward, then downward curving path) and then analyze the video using the Pasco Capstone software, The specifics of what aspects of the data you choose to analyze and what you choose to base your proof upon will be up to you. Video Tips: 0 shoot the video from far enough away that the whole trajectory is visible without moving the camera 0 set the camera down so it doesn't move during the video shoot from roughly the middle of the trajectory 0 make sure the trajectory is reasonably large so any small errors in placing the video analysis points will be reduced 0 place as large a measuring device or calibration measurement as you can directly under the path of the projectile (as long as possible, clearly visible. known length, directly in line with the trajectory not in front or behind relative to the camera) 0 if you want to use Capstone's automatic tracking feature you will need a relatively plain, light coloured or white background so the computer can pick out the location of the projectile in each frame (othenNise you will need to do manual tracking) 0 Product: Please produce a formal lab report based on the outline posted on the class site. This should also broadly follow APA style when appropriate. Each individual in your group is responsible for creating your own individual lab report, You may use the same data since you have used the same video, but the analysis of that video and the report itself are to be completed individually, Evaluation: 0 Formal lab follows outline and required sections I10 - Analysis chooses appropriate data, analyses it clearly in a way that unambiguously supports each of the overall goals [20 1:26 . LTE 44 9 Physics lab data 3 2 O -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (s) 10 vy, Object #1 Run # 1 X w - N Line ar mt + b O y-Velocity, Object #1 (m/'s) m = -9.63 + 1.4 b = 4.36 + 0.71 r = -0.822 wo in f i N do -10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 Time (s) 1.3 y, Object #1 Run # 1 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 ect #1 (m) 0.8