13. According to expectancy theory, which of the following is motivation NOT a function of?

A. Instrumentality

B. Expectancy

C. Performance

D. Valence

14. Your mom comes home from work to tell you that she has just learned that her coworker, Fred, makes more than her for doing the SAME job. She explained that this made her feel angry and when she approached Fred about it, he said he had no idea and that he felt very guilty. The idea that this discovery may impact their motivation stems from which of the following theories?

A. Equity Theory

B. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

C. Expectancy Theory

D. Social Identity Theory

15. At the start of the semester for her online class, Jeannie decided to set a strict schedule for herself to help her complete her assignments on time in order to avoid losing points from her instructor. Jeannie's actions to avoid a negative response aligns with which of the following?

A. Positive Reinforcement

B. Extinction

C. Negative Reinforcement

D. Punishment