13. P₁: All dogs are birds.

P₂: All birds are fish.

C: Hence, all dogs are fish.

Logically speaking, this argument is:

• A. invalid and not sound
• B. valid and not sound
• C. invalid and sound
• D. valid and sound

14. P₁: The United Stateshas never elected a woman to be president.

C: So, in the next election, the U.S. will likely elect a woman to be president.

Logically speaking, this argument is:

• A. weak and cogent
• B. weak and not cogent
• C. strong and cogent
• D. strong and not cogent

15. 75% of residents in the state of Hawai'i are in favor of government-subsidized higher education. So, it stands to reason that75% of Americans favor government-subsidized higher education.

Which of the following is this inductive inference an instance?

• A. sample to sample
• B. population to sample
• C. sample to population
• D. population to population

16. A new study findsthat 90 percent of UH Mnoa'sstudents want better food in the school's dining halls. Latisha is a student at UH Mnoa. So, it follows that Latisha wants better food too in the school's dining halls.

Which of the following is this inductive inferencean instance?

• A. sample to sample
• B. population to population
• C. population to sample
• D. sample to population