15. INVENTORIES A majority of inventory owned by Deere & Company and its US equipment subsidiaries are valued at cost, on the last-in, first-out" (LIFO) basis. Remaining inventories are generally valued at the lower of cost, on the first-in, first-out" (FIFO) basis, or net realizable value. The value of gross inventories on the LIFO basis at October 28, 2018 and October 29, 2017 represented 54 percent and 61 percent, respectively, of worldwide gross inventories at FIFO value. If all inventories had been valued on a FIFO basis, estimated inventories by major classification at October 28, 2018 and October 29, 2017 in millions of dollars would have been as follows: 2018 2017 Raw materials and supplies $2,233 $1,688 Work-in-process 776 495 Finished goods and parts 4,777 3,182 Total FIFO value 7,786 5,365 Less adjustment to LIFO value (1,637) (1,461) Inventories $6,149 $3,904 We note that not all of Deere's inventories are reported using the same inventory costing method (companies can use different inventory costing methods for different inventory pools). C. What cumulative effect has the use of LIFO inventory costing had, as of year-end 2018, on its pretax income compared with the pretax income it would have reported had it used FIFO inventory costing? (Show an increase as a positive number and a decrease as a negative number.) $ million d. Assuming a 25% income tax rate, by what cumulative dollar amount has Deere's tax liability been affected by use of LIFO inventory costing as of year-end 2018? Has the use of LIFO inventory costing increased or decreased its cumulative tax liability? (Show an increase as a positive number and a decrease as a negative number. Round your answer to one decimal place.) $ million e. What effect has the use of LIFO inventory costing had on Deere's pretax income and tax liability for 2018 (assume a 25% income tax rate)? (Show an increase as a positive number and a decrease as a negative number. Round your answers to one decimal place.) Pretax income: $ million Tax liability: $ million