Forensics Focus 1. In the 1870s, prison inspector and self-described sociologist Richard Dugdale noticed that many inmates at his facility in Ulster County, New York, were related. He began studying them, calling the family the "Jukes," although he kept records of their real names. Dugdale traced the family back seven generations to a son of Dutch settlers, named Max, who was a pioneer and lived off the land. Margaret, "the mother of criminals," as Dugdale wrote in his 1877 book The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity, married one of Max's sons, and the couple presumably ultimately gave rise to 540 of the 709 criminals on Dugdale's watch. Dugdale attributed the Jukes' less desirable traits to heredity. The Jukes study influenced social scientists to probe other families seemingly riddled with misfits-they were all Caucasian, descended from colonial settlers, and poor. Poverty was not seen as an economic problem, but as a reflection of inborn degeneracy that if left unchecked would cost society greatly. Dugdale's book fed the fledgling eugenics movement. In 1911, researchers at the Eugenics Record Office in Cold Spring Harbor described the Jukes phenotype as "feeblemindednes indolence, licentiousness, and dishonesty." The Jukes story and others were used to support compulsory sterilization of those deemed unfit. But the original research on the Jukes family was flawed, and its accuracy never questioned. Less notorious Jukes family members served in respected professions, some even holding public office. The Jukes were vindicated in 2003, when archives at the State University of New York at Albany revealed the original names of the peopl in Dugdale's account; most were not even related. The Jukes family curse was more legend than fact. a. What would have had to happen to the original jailed Jukes family members or their descendants to be considered eugenic? b. How could studies on one family harm others? c. Cite an example of an idea based on eugenics today or in the recent past. d. If you were a contemporary of Dugdale's, what type of evidence would you have sought to counter his ideas?