16. Mean differences in achievement test scores between the children of high school dropouts and college grads are observable before children enter school and persist through high school. True or false.

17. According to Durlauf (2011) empirical evidence of social interactions is weak because in empirical work it is difficulty separate the effects of shared individual-level characteristics and contextual settings from those caused by social interactions. True or false.

18. Using OPM an unmarried couple with two biological children would be treated as two separate families (one of size 1 and one of size 3) for the purposes of determining poverty status. True or false.

19. The intergenerational income elasticity (IGE) is typically an estimate percentage change in fathers' earnings when sons' earnings increases by one-percent. True or false.

20. One implication of taste-based discrimination on the basis of race is that minority workers that are hired and retained by a discriminating firm will be of higher productivity that non-minority workers paid the same wage. True or false.

21. The CPI-U, the price index for urban consumers, which is used for the purposes of annually updating the poverty thresholds, probably understates inflation. True or false.

22. During the Great Recession safety net programs likely did little to mute the response of the poverty rate (as measured by a net-income, official threshold measure) to the unemployment rate. True or false.

23. Food Stamp caseloads were very low until President Richard Nixon made changes to the Food Stamp Program in the early-1970s. These changes including allowing states and locals the choice of whether to participate in the program and an elimination of the requirement that recipients purchase food stamps in advance. True or false.

24. (refer above) The figure above from Chetty et al. (2014) shows results (line) from a rank-rank regression whereby within commuting zones childrens' national income percentile rank is regressed against their parents' national income percentile rank. Based on the figure above, Charlotte has more relative mobility than Salt Lake City. True or false.

25. (refer above) The figure above from Chetty et al. (2014) shows results (line) from a rank-rank regression whereby within commuting zones childrens' national income percentile rank is Charolette 3 regressed against their parents' national income percentile rank. Based on the figure above, Salt Lake City has more absolute mobility at the 25th percentile of parental income than Charlotte.True or false.

46. Amongst low-income femal-headed families, increases in earnings and EITC payments have not been large enough to offset loss of welfare benefit following the 1996 welfare reform. True or false.

47. Relative to 30 years ago, a much larger share of means-tested benefits today go to families that are low in the pre-transfer income distribution. True or false.

48. In Piven and Cloward's book Regulating the Poor, "underbudgeting" in the context of welfare refers to the failing to count all of a families resources in determining their eligibility for welfare programs. True or false.

49. According to Neal and Johnson (1996) AFQT does not increase with years of schooling. True or false.

50. Evidence suggest genetic expression (the extent to which a genetic train is expressed) is affected by environmental conditions. True or false.