19 hnpt format only if you can't please don't waste my questions . Note: Follow My Demands: Answer Only In Giuseppe Format, No Copy Paste.. , Else Will Be Devoted ..

19):-Import substitution implies A).....................production of those goods which the economy has been B)....................... from rest of the world. This is a strategy to save foreign exchange by c).................... the volume of imports.

(1) Distribution of Income: Politicians can make a tall claim that over time, the distribution of income has improved or it has become more equitable. This claim is founded on two statistical facts: (a) over time the percentage of taxpayers in total population has increased, and (b) over time, the percentage of population below the poverty line has reduced. But there is another statistical fact of equal significance. It is that the total number of those below poverty line and the number of non-tax payers has tended to increase over time. Thus, the number of poor people in India is surging over time which is a poor reflection on our achievements with regard to distribution of income. (ii) Distribution of Consumption Expenditure: Of the total private consumption expenditure, the share of bottom 40 per cent in the rural areas has tended to rise in the rural areas, but the share of bottom 80 per cent in the urban areas has tended to decline. Thus, while rural inequality of consumption expenditure has improved, urban inequality of consumption expenditure has worsened over time. Yet another disturbing fact is that over time the rural-urban gulf in the consumption expenditure has widened. (iii) Distribution of Landholdings: Two factors are expected to have improved the distribution of landholdings: (a) abolition of the intermediaries like the Zamindars who used to thrive on extortions from the farmers, and (b) imposition of ceiling on the holding-size and redistribution of the surplus land to the small and marginal farmers. But simultaneously we must not lose sight of the fact that over time the size of holding has tended to shrink which has impeded the process of technological improvements in agricaulture. (iv) Distribution of Industrial Wealth: Distribution of industrial wealth has tended to be grossly unequal as is evident from the following observation There are about 20-25 big industrial houses in the country (like Tata Birla, Reliance, Wipro, Infosys and Godrej) who are controlling the bulk of industrial wealth in the country. In 2003-04, it was found that the top most six industrial houses controlled nearly 60 per cent of the assets of the top 20 industrial houses