19. Neutral fact finding, mediation, and arbitration are: a. Used exclusively outside the healthcare field. b. Types of alternative dispute resolution. c. Common to most commercial contracts. d. Used by clinicians to resolve patient problems.

20. Reform of medical malpractice lawsuits is: a. Likely to have an immediate and significant effect on healthcare costs. b. Unlikely to ever occur because of the powerful plaintiffs lawyers bar. c. Not in patients interests because they can no longer sue for injury. d. Generally considered only one part of reducing healthcare costs.

21. Generally speaking, health outcomes in the United States are _________ those in other first-world countries: a. Better than b. About the same as c. Worse than d. Not comparable to

22. Systemic problems related to high costs in the U.S. healthcare sector include all of the following except: a. Fee-for-service payments b. Tax incentives that subsidize employer-provided insurance c. Aging population d. Lack of pricing transparency