19.The lowest level of management is ______________. (2.5 Points) a vice president a nonmanagerial employee a department of research manager a first-line manager 20.A(n) ____________ is the existence of a discrepancy between existing and a desired state of affairs. (2.5 Points) opportunity problem solution weakness 21._____________ is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. (2.5 Points) Management Supervision Controlling Leading 22.The key to MBO, or management by objectives, is that managers and subordinates mutually agree on goals. (2.5 Points) True False 23.The theory that a person should report to only one manager is called ____________. (2.5 Points) chain of command responsibility factor authorized line of responsibility unity of command 24.Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs. (2.5 Points) True False 25.A learning organization requires employees to ................ (2.5 Points) encode information to prevent competitors from stealing ideas make all ideas public collaborate with competitors share information and collaborate with one another