1a. How could you employ z-scores to examine individual performance in comparison with others' performance in the context of your *area of interest? Please show an example with the calculation.

*Area of interest - Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Laws in Pharmaceutical Industry are in the continuous state of evolution in Emerging Markets

1b. What would different z-scores mean or imply?

1c. Can you use z-scores if the distribution is not normal?

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Notes:

Az-scoretells you how many standard deviations away an individual data value falls from the mean. It is calculated as:z-score = (x -) /

where:x:individual data value;:population mean;:population standard deviation

A z-score for an individual value can be interpreted as follows:

• Positive z-score:The individual value is greater than the mean.
• Negative z-score:The individual value is less than the mean.
• A z-score of 0:The individual value is equal to the mean.

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References (please feel free to use other scholarly journal, peer reviewed, google scholar articles, etc)

• Iowa State University. (n.d.). What is a Z score? Retrieved fromhttp://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/crp274/swenson/CRP272/What%20is%20a%20Z%20score.pdf
• Minitab 18 Support. (2019). What is a Z-value? Retrieved fromhttps://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how-to/statistics/basic-statistics/supporting-topics/tests-of-means/what-is-a-z-value/
• Khan Academy. (2022).Comparing with Z-scores. Comparing with z-scores. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/density-curves-normal-distribution-ap/measuring-position/v/comparing-with-z-scores