1.During the COVID-19pandemic, hospitals areexperiencing numerousshortages. Along with PPE, hand soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer are now in short supply. In an effort to potentially preserve waning supplies of soap and hand sanitizer, researchers at an urban hospital in NYC quantified the presence of bacteria on healthcare workers' hands using four different modalities of hand hygiene. Thedata set below depicts the results ofbacterial counts cultured after swabbing both hands of subjects just after washing with warm water only (H2O),soap and warm water (SOAP), soap, warm water and use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer after drying (SOAP-HS), or alcohol-based hand sanitizer alone (HS). The researchers want to know the following:

1) Should hand sanitizer always be used after washing with soap and warm H2O?

2)Is the use of hand sanitizer alone as effective as handwashing with soap and warm water?

3) Is scrubbing with warm water alone as effective as handwashingwith soap?

4) Can soap and/or alcohol-based hand sanitizerbe omitted from the hand hygiene protocol?

The subjects were chosen and assigned to their respective groups randomly. Those who performed hand washing with soap and H2O were instructed to scrub vigorously for 20 seconds. Water temperature was standardized at 100 F. Post-culture bacterial counts below 30 were considered an acceptable metric for good hand hygiene.

For this research project, state the overall (not between groups) null and alternate hypotheses below.