1.Fiscal policy is: is known as:

A/The Federal Reserve changing taxes and/or spending to fight unemployment or inflation

B/The Federal Government changing taxes and/or spending to fight unemployment or inflation

C/The Federal Government changing tariffs (taxes on imports) to fight unemployment or inflation

D/The Federal Reserve changing interest rates to fight unemployment or inflation

2.To fight inflation, the Federal Reserve would:

A/increase the supply of money in the economy by buying bonds.

B/decrease the supply of money in the economy by selling bonds.

C/increase the supply of money in the economy by selling bonds.

D/decrease the supply of money in the economy by buying bonds.

3.Which of the following policies would be most contractionary (that is would cause GDP todecreasethe most)?

A/decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes.

B/decrease in both government spending and taxes

C/increase in both government spending and taxes

D/increase in government spending and a decrease in taxes

4.Last year the Federal government budget deficit changed from $450 billion to more than $550 billion.At the same time the Federal Reserve has been raising interest rates.This means that:

A/The Federal government policy would lower the unemployment rate while the Federal Reserve policy would lower the inflation rate.

B/The Federal government policy would lower the inflation rate while the Federal Reserve policy would lower the unemployment rate.

C/The Federal government and the Federal Reserve are both focused on lowering the unemployment rate.

D/The Federal government and the Federal Reserve are both focused on lowering the inflation rate.

5.MOSCOWRussia's central bank raised its key interest rate for the second time in four months in a surprise decision Friday that aims to underpin the ruble ahead of further moves by the U.S. Federal Reserve and potential new Western sanctions.

Central banks in a number of emerging markets countries have followed the Fed in tightening their monetary policy this year, hoping to avoid an outflow of capital to the U.S. that would see their currencies weaken, and inflation accelerate as prices of imported goods rise. The Fed is widely expected to lift its key interest rate for a ninth time since late 2015when policy makers meet next week(Links to an external site.)

, and twice more in 2019.

The Bank of Russia lifted its key rate to 7.75% from 7.5%, having previously raised borrowing costs in September, a shift in policy that brought an end to a series of cuts dating back to the end of 2014.

In a statement, the central bank said it would "consider the necessity of further increases in the key rate," pointing to an expected pickup in inflation during 2019 caused by an increase in sales tax in January.

The central bank said the monetary policy needs to remain tight to protect against elevated external risks, such as the simmering U.S.-China trade dispute, lower oil prices and potential newWestern sanctions against Russia(Links to an external site.)

.

"In the current environment, it is very important for us to maintain a conservative approach when evaluating risks," Bank of Russia's head Elvira Nabiullina told reporters following the rate decision. "We must make sure that inflation remains under control."

The new rate increase is likely to increase pressure on the central bank from parts of the Russian government and big business, who believe Ms. Nabiullina's dogged focus on inflation is stifling growth. Ms. Nabiullina has made inflation targeting a pillar of central bank's independence, defying government's attempts to interfere in the monetary policy since taking office in 2013.

"Our approach will become less conservative when inflationary expectations [in Russia] will become more anchored," she said.

Ms. Nabiullina said Russian economy is adapting to sanctions and that any new putative measures by the U.S. and Europe would have "limited impact" on the country.

The central banks also announced that it will resume buying foreign currency for the government's reserve funds in January, a move that could weaken the ruble.

The central bank aims to keep the annual rate of inflation at 4%, but now expects consumer prices to be rising by between 5% and 5.5% at the end of next year, even after taking account of the impact of Friday's rate rise on the economy. It expects inflation to fall back to the target 4% by the end of 2020.

"The tone of today's communications make clear that it wouldn't take much to trigger another hike," analysts at Capital Economics in London wrote in a note to clients after the rate decision.

Per the article, the Bank of Russia is conducting what type of policy?

A/contractionary quantitative easing

B/expansionary fiscal policy

C/expansionary austerity measure

D/contractionary fiscal policy

E/expansionary quantitative easing

F/contractionary monetary policy

G/contractionary austerity measure

H/expansionary monetary policy

6.This is regarding the distributional effect of inflation.

During the 1990s Japan experienced a falling price level, or deflation. Assuming that the deflation was unexpected, it benefited:

A/both borrowers and lenders.

B/only lenders.

C/only borrowers.

D/neither borrowers nor lenders.

7.This is regarding the distributional effect of inflation.

Suppose inflation is expected to be 5 percent but it is actually 7 percent. The people who lose from the difference between actual and expected inflation are most likely to be the:

A/workers and lenders.

B/owners of firms and borrowers.

C/owners of firms and lenders.

D/workers and borrowers.

8.If productivity growth is 5 percent and nominal wages increase at a rate of 6 percent, then inflation will most likely be:

A/11 percent.

B/-1 percent.

C/-11 percent.

D/1 percent.