1.For each of the studies described below, (i) Identify the source(s) of bias; and (ii) Explain how the identified bias may affect the results of the study. (8 pts)

a)To obtain consumer reaction to a new beer, a marketing firm contacts beer drinkers referred to them from people who had previously participated in their marketing surveys. Each person received $25 for participating in the study.

b)After a television debate between federal leadership candidates, viewers are encouraged to phone a television station to indicate the candidate of their preference.

c)Cards are left on tables in a restaurant to solicit suggestions and comments about the quality of the meals and service.

d)In order to gauge public opinion on a proposed bill on abortion, a Member of Parliament uses the results of a survey by the editor of a newsletter of a women's organization.