1.Grocery retailer Kroger owns and operates 37 manufacturing plants - 17 dairies, six bakery plants, five grocery plants, one deli plant, two frozen dough plants, two beverage plants, two cheese plants, and two meat plants - that give it factory-to-store channel control over 40 percent of the more than 13,000 private-label items found on its shelves. Based on the information in this vignette, what type of marketing channel does Kroger use?

a.A conventional distribution channel

b.A horizontal marketing system

c.A corporate vertical marketing system

d.A contractual vertical marketing system

e.An administered vertical marketing system