1.In a 2019 journal published article, "The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with perinatal outcomes in pregnant women in the third trimester", researchers assessed the correlation between hypothyroidism and pregnancy. The serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (T4) were used to classify patients with hypothyroidism, subclinical thyroid function, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroid state. Those classifications were then compared to pregnancy outcomes including Apgar score, birth type, and birth weight. Use a 0.05 confidence level to test the claim that caesarean sections are independent of thyroid state. If someone has hypothyroidism, should they be concerned about having a Caesarean section?

Caesarean Section

No Caesarean Section

Hypothyroidism

90

12

Normal thyroid function

22

78

a)Because the test statistic falls outside the critical region, we fail to reject H0 and conclude there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that hypothyroidism is related to risk of Caesarean Section.

b)Because the test statistic falls outside the critical region, we reject H0 and conclude there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that hypothyroidism is independent to Caesarean Sections.

c)Because the test statistic falls within of the critical range, we fail to reject H0 and conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that hypothyroidism is related to Caesarean Sections.

d)Because the test statistic falls within of the critical region, we reject H0 and conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that hypothyroidism is related to Caesarean Sections.

e)We do not have the p value so we cannot determine whether the evidence is sufficient to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

2.In a study, researchers predicted the number of children that women would give birth to with various hair colors. It was predicted that 20% of the children would have Black hair, 33% of children would have Blonde, and 47% would have Brown hair. The table below shows the observed numbers for each hair category.

Black

Blonde

Brown

Observed Frequency

21

53

66

Expected Frequency

x

x

x

Based on the data above, calculate the test statistic for the hypothesis that the observed data fits the predicted distribution.

a)5.991

b)7.815

c)2.552

d)2.751

e)4.457

3.A brand of skis claims that their new skis will decrease your slalom skiing time by at least 3%. The US ski team, trying to find the best equipment for their team, is interested in assessing this claim. They take 10 individuals from their team and have them race a course using their current brand skis and then race the same course using this new brand of skis. Their times for the two runs are shown in the table below. What statistical test should be used to test this null hypothesis?

Participant:

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

Old skis

51.5

53.7

50.9

53.2

56.3

57.5

51.4

51.7

56.2

54.9

New skis

51.2

55.3

51.2

52.1

55.6

58.1

53.1

50.8

58.8

53.2

a)ANOVA test

b)One sample z-test

c)Independent samples t-test

d)One sample t-test

e)Paired samples t-test

4.Which of the following is NOT a property of a normal distribution?

a)it is symmetrical

b)the total area under the curve is equal to 1

c)the center value of the curve is 1

d)it is unimodal

e)it extends to+/- infinity

5.The most frequent systemic adverse event for the Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S) COVID-19 vaccine was fever.Out of 402 participants for Cohort 1, fever was reported in 25 low-dose recipients and in 62 high-dose recipients. What is the probability of a Cohort 1 participant not reporting the adverse event of fever?

a)0.523

b)0.711

c)0.784

d)0.854

e)1.352

6.The weight of a German shepherd is normally distributed with a mean of = 75 pounds and a standard deviation of = 15 pounds. Approximately what percentage of German shepherds weigh between 80 pounds and 90 pounds?

a)42.4%

b)21.2%

c)47.06%

d)20.2%

7.Congenital syphilis is a preventable infection with the proper testing and treatment for syphilis of a pregnant person. A recent study stated, during pregnancy, pregnancy hormones can cause a biological false positive in one syphilis test. In order to accurately diagnose syphilis, both tests are conducted. The study compared the accuracy of the treponemal test and the non-treponemal test. Data for 100 pregnant persons was collected and is shown below.

Treponemal Test

Non-treponemal

Test

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

48

8

Incorrect

32

12

What is the value of the test statistic to test the hypothesis that the two tests have similar performance?

a)14.4

b)5.9

c)5.4

d)13.9

e)14.1

8.Refer to the data contained in the following contingency table, which describes results from a clinical trial of the well-known birth control pill (Yasmin)

Migraine

Yes No

Treatment

Yasmin

375

113

Placebo

66

580

Select one of the answer choices, which depicts the odds ratio for migraines in the treatment group compared to those in the placebo group.

a)The odds of a migraine for those using Yasmin is 29.16 times the odds of a migraine for those not using Yasmin.

b)The odds of a migraine for those using Yasmin is 1.106 times the odds of a migraine for those not using Yasmin

c)The odds of a migraine for those using Yasmin is equivalent to the odds of a migraine for those not using Yasmin

d)There is no way to calculate the odds of the Yasmin and placebo in relation to migraines

e)The odds of a migraine for those using Yasmin is 0.378 times the odds of a migraine for those not using Yasmin

9.The following is an example of what type of variables:

63 seconds

44 seconds

10 seconds

20 seconds

a) Nominal

b) Ordinal

c) Discrete

d) Dichotomous

e) Continuous

10.Which of the followingis NOT true about a goodness-of-fit hypothesis test?

a)It is always right-tailed.

b)It is a testto determineif anobserved frequency distribution fits a claimed distribution.

c)If theH_ois rejected, there is a good fit with assumed distribution.

d)If there is a large difference between observed values and expected values the²will be large and p values will be small.

e)²is the test statistic used.

All of the stat