1.Swearing is a common, almost reflexive, response to pain. Whether you knock your shin into the edge of a coffee table or smash your thumb with a hammer, most of us respond with a streak of obscenities. One question, however, is whether swearing has any effect on the amount of pain that you feel. To address this issue, Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009) conducted an experiment comparing swearing with other responses to pain. In the study, participants were asked to place one hand in icy cold water for as long as they could bear the pain. Half of the participants were told to repeat their favorite swear word over and over for as long as their hands were in the water. The other half repeated a neutral word. The researchers recorded how long each participant was able to tolerate the ice water.

Ultimately, the researchers had a sample of n = 9 with mean difference score (that is, pain while swearing minus pain while saying neutral word) or M_D = -2 and SS_D = 176. With this information, conduct a two-tailed repeated-measures t-test by calculating the following (Show your work or explain for answer for each!) (17.5 points total; 2.5 points each):

a.Null hypothesis (H_O) and alternative hypothesis (H_A) (2.5 points)

b.Degrees of freedom (df) (2.5 points)

c.The critical t if we are doing a two-tailed test with = .05 (2.5 points)

(HINT: Use Table B.2 and the df you found in the last step!)

d.Sample variance (s_D²) (2.5 points)

e.Estimated standard error of the sample difference mean (s_MD) (2.5 points)

f.t-statistic (2.5 points)

g.Based on our t-statistic and our critical t, are we rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis? Does swearing result in significantly less pain than repeating a neutral word? (2.5 points)