2. Causality and Empiricism II [15 POINTS] The public K-12 education in the US is in a crisis. Despite the increase in per student spending over time, high school graduation rate has been at or declining. As a potential solution, education reformers have proposed charter schools (e.g., schools that receive public funding but have more exibility in terms of curriculum and employing non-unionized teachers). Usually, parents of students who want to attend charter schools must apply to them and if demand is higher than seats available, they use a lottery to decide who gets the available seats. a. High school graduation rate of students who attend charter schools is higher than the graduation rate of those attending traditional public schools. Education reformers have used these data to support for more charter schools. Do you agree with this interpretation of the data? Fully justify your answer. [7 points] *Contact TAs if you have questions