2. (Dataset: world. Variables: women13, womyear2, pr_sys.) In Chapter 2 you analyzed the distribution of the variable women13, the percentage of women in the lower house of the legislatures in a number of countries. In this exercise you will analyze the relationship between women 13 and two variables that could have an impact on the number of women serving in national legislatures. First consider the role of the type of electoral system. Many democracies have proportional representation (PR) systems. PR systems foster multiple parties having diverse ideological positions-and, perhaps, having diverse demographic compositions as well. Non-PR systems, like the system used in U.S. elections, militate in favor of fewer and more homogeneous parties. Thus, you might expect that non-PR countries will have fewer women in their national legislatures than will countries with PR-based electoral systems. Now consider the role of history and tradition. In some countries, women have had a long history of political empowerment. New Zealand, for example, gave women the right to vote in 1893. In other countries, such as Switzerland (where women were not enfranchised until 1971), women have had less experience in the electoral arena. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that countries with longer histories of women's suffrage (say, that enfranchised women before 1944) will have higher percentages of women in their national legislatures than will countries in which women's suffrage is a more recent development (since 1944). In this exercise you will isolate the effect of the type of electoral system on the percentage of women in parliament, controlling for the timing of women's suffrage. However, before you run any analyses, you will graphically depict different possible scenarios for the relationships you might discover. Parts A and B contain graphic shells showing the percentage of women in parliament along the vertical axis and the type of electoral system along the horizontal axis. Countries without PR systems are represented by "No," and countries with PR systems by "Yes." For each shell, you will draw four bars within the graphic space: a bar for "1944 or before" countries without PR systems ("No"), a bar for "1944 or before" countries with PR systems ("Yes"), a bar for "After 1944" countries without PR systems ("No"), and a bar for "After 1944" countries with PR systems ("Yes"). A. Draw an additive relationship fitting this description: Countries with PR systems have higher percentages of women in parliament than do countries with non-PR systems, and countries with a longer history of women's suffrage have higher percentages of women in parliament than do countries with a shorter history of women's suffrage. (Hint: In additive relationships, the strength and tendency of the relationship is the same or very similar for all values of the control variable.) Percentage of Women in Parliament by Timing of Suffrage and Type of Electoral System 6 4 .2 0 No PR PR System No PR PR System Suffrage 1944 or Before Suffrage After 1944 SOURCE: world dataset