2 of 5 Question 1 Antibiotic resistance is considered a current threat to public health. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which are often more difficult to kill and more expensive to treat. Consider the following possibilities with a 0.6 probability, there will be no spread of antibiotic resistance; with a 0.3 probability, there will be a low spread of antibiotic resistance, with a 0.1 probability there will be a high spread of antibiotic resistance. The consequences of each of these possibilities will depend on the actions that the Government takes. The Government can implement a program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. In case of no spread. the costs will be c250,000; in case of low spread, the costs on the infected population will be 900,000; and in case of high spread the costs will be C2,000,000 The Government can also make it mandatory for doctors to perform a diagnostic test before prescribing antibiotics to patients (this allows to assess with high certainty if the antibiotic is needed or not). In this case, the costs will be C350,000 in case of no spread, C1,000,000 in case of high spread, and 850,000 in case of low spread. Finally, the Government can also opt for doing nothing. In this case, the costs will be 100,000 in case of no spread, C2,500,000 in case of low spread and C6,500,000 in case of high spread. 2) The Government would like to know which aption should be implemented. Draw a decision tree to support your conclusion b) What is the maximum amount that the Government should pay for a study that can reveal with certainty whether antibiotic resistance will spread? c) Suppose that you perform sensitivity analysis on the probabilities of each state of nature and on the costs involved in each option. In comparison with the results you obtained in exercise 1.a) you find that: Costs can increase or decrease by C200,000 in case the Government implements the program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance; costs can increase or decrease by C450,000 in case of mandatory diagnostic tests; costs can increase or decrease by 1,300,000 in the status quo. Would you change your recommendation to the Government? Provide a brief explanation for your decision and the results you find. Question 2 You were asked by the Ministry of Health to evaluate different drug therapies for cardiac patients. Each drug therapy differs in the following way: some drugs allow patients to live a longer life with a low health status, while other drugs allow patients to live a shorter life with a high health status. In order to provide an evaluation, you must construct QALYS, which means that you need to have measures of HRQOL (health-related quality of life). Identify one method that you can use to estimate HRQOL. Explain how you would implement it Question 3 The table below to veteratives for a current treatment for epilepsy. Determine which alternatives are on the efficiency frontier. Which is the best alternative? Quality of te (QOL A 0 E c Incremental cost compared with the Current treatment 6,000 1,000 C9,000 09.500 C2,000 Incremental effect compared with the current treatment length of the LOL) 3 3 6 6 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.65 5 0.60 Question Suppose that the government of actional country with 11 milion inhabitants would simplify the procedure of obtaining birth certificate in the old (current) scenario, the 22.5% of the population that requested a birth certificate in 2017, had to visit the town hall of their municipality of tyto obtain the certificate. It took a citizen 36 minutes to visit the town hall of their municipality or City of which 20 minutes for transportation back and forth, 6 minutes waiting time, and 10 minutes processing time at the counter). An additional 76,000 natives of the fictional country who are residing abroad, requested birth certificate at an ember come. The time use for these people living abroad, triple the time of people living in the fictional country in the new scenario, den will be able to download the certificate on an online platform, called Certificate. This online procedure will take only half of the processing time of the old scanare, and comprises the following administrative actions . Browse to eCertificate Log on to Certificate Download buth certificate Print birth certificate Nathet of the fictional country who are reading abroad, are not able to browse to the Certificate platform Calculate the impact of this policy measure on the administrative burden for (a) chinens, and Doct servants Hourly rates curly mat 2015 Question 1 Antibiotic resistance is considered a current threat to public health. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which are often more difficult to kill and more expensive to treat. Consider the following possibilities: with a 0.6 probability, there will be no spread of antibiotic resistance, with a 0.3 probability, there will be a low spread of antibiotic resistance with a 0.1 probability there will be a high spread of antibiotic resistance. The consequences of each of these possibilities will depend on the actions that the Government takes. The Government can implement a program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. In case of no spread. the costs will be c250,000; in case of low spread the costs on the infected population will be 900,000; and in case of high spread the costs will be 2,000,000 The Government can also make it mandatory for doctors to perform a diagnostic test before prescribing antibiotics to patients (this allows to assess with high certainty if the antibiotic is needed or not). In this case, the costs will be C350,000 in case of no spread, C1,000,000 in case of high spread, and 850,000 in case of low spread. Finally, the Government can also opt for doing nothing. In this case, the costs will be C100,000 in case of no spread, C2,500,000 in case of low spread and 6,500,000 in case of high spread. *) The Government would like to know which option should be implemented. Draw a decision tree to support your conclusion b) What is the maximum amount that the Government should pay for a study that can reveal with certainty whether antibiotic resistance will spread? c) Suppose that you perform sensitivity analysis on the probabilities of each state of nature and on the costs involved in each option. In comparison with the results you obtained in exercise 1.0) you find that: Costs can increase or decrease by C200,000 in case the Government implements the program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, costs can increase or decrease by C450,000 in case of mandatory diagnostic tests, costs can increase or decrease by 1,300,000 in the status quo. Would you change your recommendation to the Government? Provide a brief explanation for your decision and the results you find. Question 2 You were asked by the Ministry of Health to evaluate different drug therapies for cardiac patients. Each drug therapy differs in the following way: some drugs allow patients to live a longer life with a low health status, while other drugs allow patients to live a shorter life with a high health status. In order to provide an evaluation, you must construct QALYS, which means that you need to have measures of HRQOL (health-related quality of life). Identify one method that you can use to estimate HRQOL Explain how you would implement it. Question 3 The table below stows veterives for a current treatment for epilepsy. Determine which alternatives are on the efficiency frontier, which is the best alternative? Incremental cost Incremental effect compared with the compared with the Quality of the current treatment current treatment (QOL) length of the LOL 6,000 3 0.75 0 1,000 0.65 E 9,000 6 0.55 c (9.500 6 0.65 C2,000 0.60 3 Question 4 Suppose that the government of actional country with a million inhabitants would simply the procedure of obtaining birth certificate in the old (current) scenario, the 22.5% of the population that requested a birth certificate in 2017, had to visit the town hall of their municipality of tyto obtain the certificate. It took a citizen 35 minutes to visit the town hall of their municipality or cty (of which 20 minutes for transportation back and forth, 6 minutes waiting time, and 10 minutes processing time at the counter. An additional 76,000 natives of the fictional country who are residing abroad, requested birth certificate at an embassy or come. The time use for these people living abroad, triple the time use of people living in the fictional country In the new sonaro, den will be able to download the certificate on an online platform, called Certificate. This online procedure will take only half of the processing time of the old scanare, and comprises the following administrative actions . Browse to eCertificate Log on to Certificate Download but certificate Print birth certificate Natret of the fiction country who are reading abroad, are not able to browse to the Certificate platform Calculate the impact of this policy measure on the administrative burden for (a) chinens, and Doct servants Hourly rates out.cat 2 of 5 Question 1 Antibiotic resistance is considered a current threat to public health. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which are often more difficult to kill and more expensive to treat. Consider the following possibilities with a 0.6 probability, there will be no spread of antibiotic resistance; with a 0.3 probability, there will be a low spread of antibiotic resistance, with a 0.1 probability there will be a high spread of antibiotic resistance. The consequences of each of these possibilities will depend on the actions that the Government takes. The Government can implement a program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. In case of no spread. the costs will be c250,000; in case of low spread, the costs on the infected population will be 900,000; and in case of high spread the costs will be C2,000,000 The Government can also make it mandatory for doctors to perform a diagnostic test before prescribing antibiotics to patients (this allows to assess with high certainty if the antibiotic is needed or not). In this case, the costs will be C350,000 in case of no spread, C1,000,000 in case of high spread, and 850,000 in case of low spread. Finally, the Government can also opt for doing nothing. In this case, the costs will be 100,000 in case of no spread, C2,500,000 in case of low spread and C6,500,000 in case of high spread. 2) The Government would like to know which aption should be implemented. Draw a decision tree to support your conclusion b) What is the maximum amount that the Government should pay for a study that can reveal with certainty whether antibiotic resistance will spread? c) Suppose that you perform sensitivity analysis on the probabilities of each state of nature and on the costs involved in each option. In comparison with the results you obtained in exercise 1.a) you find that: Costs can increase or decrease by C200,000 in case the Government implements the program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance; costs can increase or decrease by C450,000 in case of mandatory diagnostic tests; costs can increase or decrease by 1,300,000 in the status quo. Would you change your recommendation to the Government? Provide a brief explanation for your decision and the results you find. Question 2 You were asked by the Ministry of Health to evaluate different drug therapies for cardiac patients. Each drug therapy differs in the following way: some drugs allow patients to live a longer life with a low health status, while other drugs allow patients to live a shorter life with a high health status. In order to provide an evaluation, you must construct QALYS, which means that you need to have measures of HRQOL (health-related quality of life). Identify one method that you can use to estimate HRQOL. Explain how you would implement it Question 3 The table below to veteratives for a current treatment for epilepsy. Determine which alternatives are on the efficiency frontier. Which is the best alternative? Quality of te (QOL A 0 E c Incremental cost compared with the Current treatment 6,000 1,000 C9,000 09.500 C2,000 Incremental effect compared with the current treatment length of the LOL) 3 3 6 6 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.65 5 0.60 Question Suppose that the government of actional country with 11 milion inhabitants would simplify the procedure of obtaining birth certificate in the old (current) scenario, the 22.5% of the population that requested a birth certificate in 2017, had to visit the town hall of their municipality of tyto obtain the certificate. It took a citizen 36 minutes to visit the town hall of their municipality or City of which 20 minutes for transportation back and forth, 6 minutes waiting time, and 10 minutes processing time at the counter). An additional 76,000 natives of the fictional country who are residing abroad, requested birth certificate at an ember come. The time use for these people living abroad, triple the time of people living in the fictional country in the new scenario, den will be able to download the certificate on an online platform, called Certificate. This online procedure will take only half of the processing time of the old scanare, and comprises the following administrative actions . Browse to eCertificate Log on to Certificate Download buth certificate Print birth certificate Nathet of the fictional country who are reading abroad, are not able to browse to the Certificate platform Calculate the impact of this policy measure on the administrative burden for (a) chinens, and Doct servants Hourly rates curly mat 2015 Question 1 Antibiotic resistance is considered a current threat to public health. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which are often more difficult to kill and more expensive to treat. Consider the following possibilities: with a 0.6 probability, there will be no spread of antibiotic resistance, with a 0.3 probability, there will be a low spread of antibiotic resistance with a 0.1 probability there will be a high spread of antibiotic resistance. The consequences of each of these possibilities will depend on the actions that the Government takes. The Government can implement a program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. In case of no spread. the costs will be c250,000; in case of low spread the costs on the infected population will be 900,000; and in case of high spread the costs will be 2,000,000 The Government can also make it mandatory for doctors to perform a diagnostic test before prescribing antibiotics to patients (this allows to assess with high certainty if the antibiotic is needed or not). In this case, the costs will be C350,000 in case of no spread, C1,000,000 in case of high spread, and 850,000 in case of low spread. Finally, the Government can also opt for doing nothing. In this case, the costs will be C100,000 in case of no spread, C2,500,000 in case of low spread and 6,500,000 in case of high spread. *) The Government would like to know which option should be implemented. Draw a decision tree to support your conclusion b) What is the maximum amount that the Government should pay for a study that can reveal with certainty whether antibiotic resistance will spread? c) Suppose that you perform sensitivity analysis on the probabilities of each state of nature and on the costs involved in each option. In comparison with the results you obtained in exercise 1.0) you find that: Costs can increase or decrease by C200,000 in case the Government implements the program to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, costs can increase or decrease by C450,000 in case of mandatory diagnostic tests, costs can increase or decrease by 1,300,000 in the status quo. Would you change your recommendation to the Government? Provide a brief explanation for your decision and the results you find. Question 2 You were asked by the Ministry of Health to evaluate different drug therapies for cardiac patients. Each drug therapy differs in the following way: some drugs allow patients to live a longer life with a low health status, while other drugs allow patients to live a shorter life with a high health status. In order to provide an evaluation, you must construct QALYS, which means that you need to have measures of HRQOL (health-related quality of life). Identify one method that you can use to estimate HRQOL Explain how you would implement it. Question 3 The table below stows veterives for a current treatment for epilepsy. Determine which alternatives are on the efficiency frontier, which is the best alternative? Incremental cost Incremental effect compared with the compared with the Quality of the current treatment current treatment (QOL) length of the LOL 6,000 3 0.75 0 1,000 0.65 E 9,000 6 0.55 c (9.500 6 0.65 C2,000 0.60 3 Question 4 Suppose that the government of actional country with a million inhabitants would simply the procedure of obtaining birth certificate in the old (current) scenario, the 22.5% of the population that requested a birth certificate in 2017, had to visit the town hall of their municipality of tyto obtain the certificate. It took a citizen 35 minutes to visit the town hall of their municipality or cty (of which 20 minutes for transportation back and forth, 6 minutes waiting time, and 10 minutes processing time at the counter. An additional 76,000 natives of the fictional country who are residing abroad, requested birth certificate at an embassy or come. The time use for these people living abroad, triple the time use of people living in the fictional country In the new sonaro, den will be able to download the certificate on an online platform, called Certificate. This online procedure will take only half of the processing time of the old scanare, and comprises the following administrative actions . Browse to eCertificate Log on to Certificate Download but certificate Print birth certificate Natret of the fiction country who are reading abroad, are not able to browse to the Certificate platform Calculate the impact of this policy measure on the administrative burden for (a) chinens, and Doct servants Hourly rates out.cat