2. Personal and Rest allowance: This is allowed to compensate for the time spent by worker in meeting the physical needs, for instance a periodic break in the production routine. The amount of personal time required by operator varies with the individual more than with the kind of work, though it is seen that workers need more personal time when the work is heavy and done under unfavorable conditions. The amount of this allowance can be determined by making all-day time study or work sampling. Mostly, a 5 % allowance for personal time (nearly 24 minutes in 8 hours) is considered appropriate. Rest allowance is a relaxation allowance to a worker to overcome fatigue incurred during working. Excessive fatigue badly affects the performance of worker. This rest/relaxation may vary from 12% to 20% of normal time from light to heavy. 3. Special Allowances: These allowances are given under certain special circumstances. Some of these allowances and the conditions under which they are given are: Policy Allowance: Some companies, as a policy, give an allowance to provide a satisfactory level of earnings for a specified level of performance under exceptional circumstance. This may be allowed to new employees, handicap employees, workers on night shift, etc. The value of the allowance is typically decided by management. Small Lot Allowance: This allowance is given when the actual production period is too short to allow the worker to come out of the initial learning period. When an operator completes several small-lot jobs on different setups during the day, an allowance as x20 Training Allowance: This allowance is provided when work is done by trainee to allow him to make reasonable earnings. It may be a sliding allowance, which progressively decreases to zero over certain length of time. If the effect of learning on the job is known, the rate of decrease of the training allowance can be set accordingly. Rework Allowance: This allowance is provided on certain operation when it is known that some percent of parts made are spoiled due to factors beyond the operator's control. The time in which these spoiled parts may be reworked is converted into allowance. 4. Policy allowance: It depends on the policy of an organization controlled by workers union. Problem 1: In a welding shop, a direct time study was done on a welding operation. One inexperienced industrial engineer and one experienced industrial engineer conducted the study simultaneously. They agreed precisely on cycle time but their opinion on rating the worker differed. The experienced engineer rated the worker 100% and the other engineer rated the worker 120%. They used a 10% allowance. Cycle time (in minutes) 20 24 29 32 Number of times observed 2 1 1 1 From the above statement, (a) Determine the standard time using the experienced industrial engineer's worker rating. (b) Find the standard time using the worker rating of inexperienced industrial engineer