22. Style Retouche, Inc., produces compact paint pens used to repair small nicks in exterior automotive paint finishes. If the machinery that fills the pens is not completely cleaned between production runs of different colors, the resulting paint will not match the original color intended. Style Retouche estimates that the cost of a mismatched pen that reaches a customer is $40. The company's target for the residual content of the previous color remaining in the machinery is 0.001 parts per million. Using the Taguchi loss function, how does the quality loss for an actual residual content of 0.002 parts per million compared to the quality loss for an actual content of 0.003 parts per million?

a. The quality loss at 0.003 parts per million is twice as large as the quality loss at 0.002 parts per million.

b. The quality loss at 0.003 parts per million is equal to the quality loss at 0.002 parts per million. c. The quality loss at 0.003 parts per million is four times as large as the quality loss at 0.002 parts per million. d. The quality loss at 0.003 parts per million is 40 times as large as the quality loss at 0.002