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Leland pays premiums of $5,000 for an insurance policy in the face amount of $25,000 upon the life of Caleb and subsequently transfers the policy to Tyler for $7, 500. Over the years, Tyler pays subsequent premiums of $1, 500 on the policy. Upon Caleb's death, Tyler receives the proceeds of $25,000. As a result, what amount is Tyler required to include in his gross income? Jarrod receives a scholarship of $18, 500 from Riggers University to be used to pursue a bachelor's degree. He spends $12,000 on tuition, $1, 500 on books and supplies, $4,000 for room and board, and $1,000 for personal expenses. How much may Jarrod exclude from his gross income? Myrna and Geoffrey filed a joint tax return in 2015. Their AGI was $85,000, and itemized deductions were $13, 700, which included $4,000 in state income tax. In 2016, they received a $1, 800 refund of the state income taxes they paid in 2015. The standard deduction for married filing jointly in 2015 was $12, 600. Under the tax benefit rule, what amount of the state income tax refund is included in gross income in 2016