299, 304-306, 310 10.6. Interrogating Causal Claims with the Four Validities Match each term to the correct description. replication pilot study counterbalancing manipulation check conducting multiple studies on the same question to get more precise estimates presenting the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences study completed separately from the main study to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers evaluate how well an experimental manipulation worked