3. A new medication is being developed to treat severe morning sickness in pregnant women.The information below was generated from a small sample size (n = 6) and shows the number oftimes a woman with morning sickness vomited both before and after treatment. Set up andinterpret the results of a sign test at the alpha equals .05 level to determine if there is a differencein symptoms before and after treatment.

Pregnant Woman	Before Treatment	After Treatment	Differences	Sign
1	8	3	5	+
2	4	7	-3	-
3	6	5	1	+
4	8	10	-2	-
5	11	10	1	+
6	8	2	6	+

a. We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day be and after treatment are not equal because 2 is greaterthan the critical value 0 for a sign test with a population of only 6 individuals.

b.We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day before and after treatment are not equal because 4 is greaterthan the critical value 0 for a sign test with a population of only 6 individuals.

c.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal because 2 is greater than the criticalvalue 0 for a sign test with a population of only 6 individuals.

d.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal because 4 is greater than the criticalvalue 0 for a sign test with a population of only 6 individuals.

4. A new medication is being developed to treat severe nausea and vomiting amongchemotherapy patients. The information below was generated from a small sample size (n = 11)and shows the number of times a chemotherapy patient vomited both before and after treatmentdue to the side effects of chemotherapy. Set up and interpret the results of a sign test at the alpha equals .05 level to determine if there is a difference in symptoms before and after treatment.

Chemotherapy Patient	Before Treatment	After Treatment	Differences	Sign
1	9	3	6	+
2	12	5	8	+
3	14	7	7	+
4	9	4	5	+
5	8	2	6	+
6	11	3	8	+
7	15	7	8	+
8	12	8	4	+
9	7	8	-1	-
10	9	5	4	+
11	8	7	1	+

a. We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day before and after treatment are not equal because 1 is less orequal to the critical value 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

b.We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day before and after treatment are not equal because 10 is greateror equal to the critical value 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

c.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal because 1 is less or equal to criticalvalue 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

d.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal because 10 is greater or equal to thecritical value 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

5. A researcher is conducting a study on the palliative care of patients at a specific facility todetermine how their chronic pain symptoms change after entering the palliative careenvironment. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of a standardized treatmentprotocol for the patients entering into the palliative care environment. To do this, the researcheris comparing the pain scores of individuals before treatment and after treatment. Set up aWilcoxon signed-ranks test and interpret it at the alpha equals .05 level.

Patient	Before Treatment	After Treatment	Value of differences	Ordered Absolute Value of Differences	Ranks	Sign Risk
1	9	4	5	1	-1	-1
2	10	5	5	2	2	+2
3	7	3	4	3	3	+3
4	8	5	3	4	5	+5
5	6	7	-1	4	5	+5
6	9	5	4	4	5	+5
7	6	4	2	5	8	+8
8	7	3	4	5	8	+8
9	9	4	5	5	8	+8

a. We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day before and after treatment are not equal because 1 is less orequal to the critical value 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

b.We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in the number ofvomiting episodes in a day before and after treatment are not equal because 10 is greateror equal to the critical value 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

c.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal because 1 is less or equal to criticalvalue 1 for a sign test with a population of only 11 individuals.

d.We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the number of vomitingepisodes in a day before and after treatment are equal