3. a. Which is not a necessary element of negligence? a causal connection between the wrongdoer's negligent behavior and the resulting harm to the injured party b. the wrongdoer owed the injured party a duty of care C. the wrongdoer's actions were motivated by malice d. the wrongdoer breached a duty of care to the injured party e. the injured party suffered actual harm or damage as a result of the wrongdoer's conduct