3) Answers on the questions provided at the end of the data sheets. Answers the neatly within designated spaces or type them.

Data Sheet: F9a: Fluid Mechanics & Bernoulli's Principle NAME: Amanda Cballos DATE: _of/ 05/2023 Density of Air 1.2129 19 /2 Table I: Measured Data for Apparatus Chamber Width Port I & 3 6. 2160 E - 03 Chamber Width Port 2 & 4 2. 78 505 E- 02 Chamber Depth at all Ports 7 02 60 E- 03 Table 2: Calculated Areas (m?) Pon I -. 34 73616 6 -5 Port 2 1:95671 18 -4 Port 3 4. 36 70616E- 5 Port 4 1- 95 6741 6- 4 V- PA 1 13 Date Modified 06 21/22 2:4Physics Lab APR 05 2023 Data Sheet: F9a: Fluid Mechanics & Bernoulli's Principle Valencia College WC NAME: Amarch Ceballas DATE: 0 7/ 0 5/2023 Percent Table 3 Calculated Measured Calculated Difference Velocity (m/s) Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Pressure Flow Rate I = 0.0010319 mys Port 1 V. 23 3985463 100 :717 P not calculated for post 1 Port 2 100. 932P 100. 7 304867 0 00018216375 Port 3 23.39 8566 3 100. 396 100 16 5/259 0.070>/517292 Port 4 5 232 959/7 100 . 540 100 6b/4 86706 0.18094124159 Flow Rate 2= 0:001105 3 m7s Port 25 8081260% 100. 78a not calculated for port I Port 2 5+6-/86 78022 100 754 100.25 /083 79 0.00 89/2660 Port 3 25.309/860% 180 705 100.1249165204 0- 79 5625005 Port 00 . 632 100-37-702 3/794 0.12 51274070 Flow Rate 3= 0 .0 011 960 m75 Port I 27.155923603 100 : 54 4 not calculated for pon I Port 2 6:061092530% 100. 970 100.97018 90076 0 . 00093630942 Port 27. 155983603 100. 15% Port 4 6. 0610985306 100:729 100 240757009 0.15073054775 Flow Rate 4=0 .001237% m/ Port 1 29.65 235974 not calculated for port I Port 2 6. 50929 3277 100 . 104 01. 11412/4 527 0 0080354873 Port 3 29. 85 335979 100. 514 1004178783473 0.0983243194 Port 4 6:5 423247 100 , 279 DI .D07/214 527 0.143608928 Flow Rate 5 = 0 100 14299 mix Port 1 30 7105 91027 100 737 not calculated for port i Port 2 7 30 75 528 5 /4/ 100 252 101.3//49715/6 | 0.007205/890p Port 3 20.74059/ 024 100 65% 100. 7273008484 0.10558260638 Port 4 7 3075 58849 100 . 047 101-245697/516 0.200403232. Date Modified 06/21/22 V= B/A Pa = PI + 1/2 P ( vi - Ve= ) P3 = P3 + 1/ 2 P ( v. " - V s' ) P4 = P3+ Us P( v3 - Vip)Data Sheet: F9a: Fluid Mechanics & Bernoulli's Principle NAME: Amanda Ceballos DATE: DY/ 05 /2023 Questions: Answer the following questions after the experiment is completed. 1. For the ports that have a smaller cross sectional area. is the velocity higher or lower than the ports with the larger cross sectional areas? ( Part 1, 3 ) The sorts that have Amaller cross- sectional alla have higher whocity , also according to the continuity equation when fluid inbert more constructed section it's velocity 2. For the ports that have a smaller cross sectional area. is the pressure higher or lower than the ports with the larger cross sectional areas? ( POM 1 7 3 ) Pressure is defined of force per unit and and its imerely proportional to area, P= Force/Area ; so the pants that have smaller area of cross - section have loung pressure smally es- nect. area ( P1, 3 ) V+ P- bigor was nect ova ( Po, " ) v - P+ 3. What can you conclude about the relationship between Velocity and Pressure between the different ports from your results? according to Bernoulli's principle the misthose in speed in a plural simultaneously with decrease in pressure no for the ports the velocity is inversely rebled to Date Modified 06 21/22Experiment F9a: Fluid Mechanics & Bernoulli's Principle Student Name_Amanda Caballos Lab Partner Name_ Genesis Almodova Lab Parmer Name_ KaReen Voley Physics Course Phy Rasz C Physics Professor Rina SpanQua Experiment Start Date_ Lab Assistant Name Date Time In Time Out Gabriel 4/5/23 2100pm Experiment Stamped Completed Physics Lab APR 05 2023 Valencia College WC Date Modified 06 21/22F93: Fluid Mechanics & Bernoulli's Principle Introduction: The focus of this experiment is to understand the relationship between ow rate, cross sectional area, velocity and pressure. This is related to Bernoulli's principle, which states that for an ideal uid that is assumed to have no viscosity, an increase in the speed of the uid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure. Bernoulli's principle has many real world applications. One such application, which is very important, is lift for airplanes. [f the air owing past the top surface of the wing of a plane is moving faster than the air owing past the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the top surface of the wing will be lower than that on the bottom surface. This difference in pressure results in an upwards liing force. In the health eld, Bernoulli's principle can be applied to blood vessels that are narrowed by plaque deposits or widened due to an aneurysm. When the blood vessels narrow (stenosis) the velocity of the blood must increase, which in turn decreases the pressure. This can result in further narrowing of the vessel, which can close off the artery completely. On the other hand, if the radius of the blood vessel becomes increased due to an aneurysm which is a balloon like bulge in an artery, the velocity then decreases and the pressure increases. The artery wall then becomes more likely to become weak and rupture. Unfortlmately, or fortunately, we were unable to procure enough blood, so instead we will use air ow for this experiment. [11 a Venturi apparatus, air ows through a channel of varying widths. For a constant volumetric ow rate, velocity and pressure will change depending on the cross sectional area. In this lab, you will vary your airow rates through four areas of the apparatus measuring velocity and pressure for each area. Apparatus: f'r' Venturi Apparatus 'Fr' Vacuum Air Pump '? Spirometer Sensor Quad Pressure Sensor f'r' Computer, Interface, Software v Figure 1 Discussion: Date Madam 06/21/22 1 When a force is exerted on a surface, it is frequently more useful to describe it by a quantity called pressure. Pressure is a measure of the force per unit area. Although force has a direction (a vector quantity), pressure has no direction (a scalar quantity). Pressure is dened by: P_F _A Where P is the pressure, F is the magnitude of the force acting perpendicular on the surface and A is the area of the surface over which the force is acting. Typically the force is also considered uniform over the surface. The 31 unit for pressure is a Pascal: where one Pascal is equal to one Newton per one square meter: (Pa=me2) Due to conservation of mass, when there is no uid lost or gained the volume ow rate is constant along a pipe or channel. For an incompressible uid, the volume ow rate is equal to the product of the cross sectional area and the velocity. The relationship between Flow Rate, Cross Sectional Area and Velocity is called the Continuity equation: RAv Where R is the ow rate, A is the cross sectional area and v is velocity. The continuity equation implies that when a uid enters a more constricted section its velocity increases. You will use this equation to calculate your velocities based on ow rate and calculated cross sectional area. Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal uid, which is assumed to have no viscosity, an increase in the speed of the uid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure. For laminar ow, we can ignore the effects of friction, we have Bemoulli's equation: 1 P+ E pv2+pghrc on stant Where P is pressure, p is air density, v is velocity, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height above a reference point. This equation will be valid for most liquids and for gases when no expansion or compression is occurring. Another way to write this equation relates the parameter values at two points along a streamline. l l P|+ P'i +plgh=P2+ pg'iwggh For a case where there is no change in height (such as in this experiment) you can simplify the equation to: 1 , 1 2 PI+PIVFP2+P3V2 By using the measured pressure from one section, air density and the calculated velocities you can calculate the pressure for the other sections. 1 P1+P(Vi'ViJZP2 Please read/review the following sections in your textbookfor each ofthe main concepts. Pressure: James Walker. Physics, Chapter 15 section 2 Date Modied 06/2l/22 2 Cutnell & Johnson. Physics, Chapter 11 section 2 Franklin, Muir,. Biological Physics Chapter 11 section 2 Continuity Equation: James Walker. Physics, Chapter 15 section 6 Cutnell & Johnson. Physics, Chapter 11 section 8 Franklin, Muir,. Biological Physics Chapter 14 section 3 Bernoulli's Principle: James Walker. Physics, Chapter 15 section 1' Cutnell & Johnson. Physics, Chapter 11 section 9 Franklin, Muir,. Biological Physics Chapter 14 section 4 Procedures: 1. Using the provided measurements for the Chamber Widths and Depth, calculate the Cross Sectional Areas for each location of Ports 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Table 2. 2. Open the correct Pasco Capstone program (F 9a Fluid Mechanicscap). Check that the quad pressure sensor is properly calibrated. Ask a lab assistant to help you check the calibration of the quad pressure sensor. 3. To begin collecting data Press the Record button and watch for the spirometer sensor to change from a red light to a green light. 4. Check that the dial on the air supply is set to the rst mark (the number 1) indicating Flow Rate 1. Turn on the air supply. 5. At 60 seconds on F low Rate 1, turn the dial to the next mark indicating Flow Rate 2 and continue collecting 60 seconds of data at that rate as well. 6. Repeat this process for Flow Rates 3, 4 and 5 each time collecting 60 seconds of data 7. After 60 seconds on F low Rate 5, turn the air supply dial back to Rate 1 and then turn the air supply off. Click Stop on the computer software to end the data collection. 8. Once you have nished collecting data, you should have two graphs on the computer screen. One graph with the single plot line is Flow Rate vs. Time. The other graph with four lines plotted is Absolute Pressure vs. Time. 9. On the graph marked Flow Rate vs. Time, determine Flow Rate 1 using the time range between 40 and 60 seconds. By highlighting the data between 40 and 60 seconds, the mean ow rate for the interval will be displayed on the graph. This corresponds to the value for your rst ow rate. Enter this on your data sheet Table 3 for Flow Rate 1. 10. On the graph marked Pressure vs Time, you will notice that in the legend you have four different pressures, one for each port. In order to change between the ports for analyzing the pressures, click on the corresponding data icon in the legend. 11. First, click on P1 for Port 1. Highlight the same time region you did for your Flow Rate 1 (this should be between 40 and 60 seconds). The mean pressure for that interval will be displayed on the graph. Record this value under Measured Pressure for Port 1 in Table 3. 12. Next click on P2 for Port 2. Again highlight the same time region you did for Flow Rate 1 and obtain the Measure Pressure for Port 2. 13. Repeat these steps for the P3 and P4, which correspond to Port 3 and Port 4, to get their values for Measured Pressures at Flow Rate 1. Date Modied 06/2i/22 3 14. Now repeat this process (Steps 9 thru 13) for each of the Flow Rates 2, 3, 4 and 5. The time ranges for each rate are: P low Rate 2 = 100 to 120 seconds, F low Rate 3 = 160 to 180 seconds, F low Rate 4 = 220 to 240 seconds and Flow Rate 5 = 280 to 300 seconds. Analyses: 1. Calculate the Velocity at each Port using the rst Flow Rate. Use the value in Table 3 for F low Rate 1 and the cross sectional areas for each Port in Table 2. The equation for this relationship can be found in the Discussion. By using your Measured Pressure for Port 1 you can calculate the Expected Pressure for Ports 2 using Bernoulli's equation, also found in the Discussion. When making the calculation be careful to use the pressure in units of Pascal. Next use the Measured Pressure for Port 2 and calculate the Expected Pressure for Port 3. Finally use the Measure Pressure for Port 3 and calculate the Expected Pressure for Port 4. Calculate the Percent Difference between the Measured Pressures and Expected Pressures of Ports 2, 3 and 4. Verify your calculations with a Lab Assistant and ask for explanation for the remaining calculations. Construct a graph with your Calculated Velocities on the X-axis and the Measured Pressures on the Yaxis for each port at different ow rates. The graph will display each Port as a separate line. Save the graph to show it to your lab instructor and to include it in your lab assignment. Date Modied 06/2 I /22 4