3. Ceteris paribus, what would be the effect on the unemployment rate of each of these changes? (Increase, decrease, or no effect)

a. Generally, workers think the labor market is improving so a number of discouraged workers begin looking for work.

b. There is an increase in the number of "discouraged" workers

c. There is a decrease in the size of the labor force participation rate

d. There is an increase in the number of people who are unemployed and actively looking for work