3 Cyclical unemployment is below the national average in some big cities in Canada such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. This could be a result of higher government spending and tax cuts in big cities. However, productivity is low. There are also concerns that structural unemployment may increase as some industries cannot compete with more efficient foreign firms. (a) Define structural unemployment. [2] (b) Explain two causes of low productivity. [4] (c) Analyse how higher government spending and tax cuts can lead to a fall in cyclical unemployment. [6] (d) Discuss whether or not competition between firms in the same industry is always a disadvantage to workers. [8]