30. After Paul Volcker's appointment as Chairman in 1979, the Federal Reserve (A) Moved to targeting the federal funds rate. (B) Announced a new lower target for inflation. (C) Moved to targeting the money supply. (D) Moved to targeting nominal GDP. 31. Which of the following is true about the short-term interest rate that the ECB targets? (A) It used to be the EONIA rate but in October 2019 it switched to targeting a new rate called ESTR. (B) It used to be the ESTR rate but in October 2019 it switched to targeting EONIA. (C) It used to be the Euribor rate but in October 2019 it switched to targeting a new rate called ESTR. (D) It used to be the Euribor but in October 2019 it switched to targeting EONIA. 32. Which of the following is true about the ECB's lending operations to banks: (A) The main refinancing operation (MRO), which provides loans for a duration of one week, has always been its largest programme. (B) The less regular longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) programme have always been its largest programme. (C) LTRO used to be the ECB's biggest programme but in recent years it is the MRO. (D) MRO used to be the ECB's biggest programme but in recent years it is the LTRO. 33. In October 2019, the ECB changed the way it treated the money that banks deposited with it in "reserve accounts". What was the change? (A) They had previously charged money on all excess reserves but switched to exempting all deposits holdings above six times the reserve requirement. (B) They began charging money on these deposits. (C) They began paying money on these deposits. (D) They had previously charged money on all excess reserves but switched to exempting all deposits up to six times the reserve requirement