31) Reinforcement theory suggests that managers can motivate employees by shaping their actions through A) management by objectives B) intrinsic motivation C) cross-training D) carefully designed goals E) behavior modification 32) 32) What type of reinforcement might be effective during economic downturns, when employers cannot afford to give salary increases or offer career advancement? A) multiplier effect B) incentives C) frequent feedback D) chaining E) behavior modification 33) 33) The tendency for a manager to oversee every detail of their employees' work and give them little autonomy in how to perform their jobs is known as A) centralization B) reinforcement C) vertical integration D) empowering E) micromanaging