3.21 is the only problem that needs a solution. Please show all work

8.21. Cross-ilow cascade of ideal stages: nicotine extraction. Consider the nicotine extraction of Problems 3.19 and 3.20. Calculate the number of ideal stages required to achieve at least 95% extraction efficiency. 217 ure 8.80 Cross-flow cascado of ye ideal stages. 3.19b. Material balances in batch processes: extraction of an aqueous nicotine solution with kerosene Nicotine in a water solution containing 2% nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene at 293K. Water and kerosene are essentially insoluble in each other. Determine the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100kg of the feed solution is extracted in a sequence of four batch ideal extractions using 49.0kg fresh, pure kerosene each. The equilibrium data are given as follows (Claffey et al., 1950): Interphase MassAn. 8.20b. Cross-flow cascade of ideal stages The drying and liquid-liquid extraction operations described in Problems 3.18 and 3.19 , respectively, are examples of a flow configuration called a cross. flow cascade. Figure 3.30 is a schematic diagram of a cross-flow cascade of ideal stages. Each stage is represented by a circle, and within each stage mass transfer occurs as if in cocurrent flow. The L phase flows from one stage to the next, being contacted in each stage by a fresh V phase. If the equilibrium-distribution curve of the cross-flow cascade is everywhere straight and of slope m, it can be shown that (Treybal, 1980) N=ln(S+1)ln[XNY0/mX0Y0/m] where S is the stripping factor, mVS/LS, constant for all stages, and N is the total Solve Problem (3.19) using equation (3-69) and compare the results number of stages. obtained by both methods. Answer: 78.1% 8.21. Cross-ilow cascade of ideal stages: nicotine extraction. Consider the nicotine extraction of Problems 3.19 and 3.20. Calculate the number of ideal stages required to achieve at least 95% extraction efficiency. 217 ure 8.80 Cross-flow cascado of ye ideal stages. 3.19b. Material balances in batch processes: extraction of an aqueous nicotine solution with kerosene Nicotine in a water solution containing 2% nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene at 293K. Water and kerosene are essentially insoluble in each other. Determine the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100kg of the feed solution is extracted in a sequence of four batch ideal extractions using 49.0kg fresh, pure kerosene each. The equilibrium data are given as follows (Claffey et al., 1950): Interphase MassAn. 8.20b. Cross-flow cascade of ideal stages The drying and liquid-liquid extraction operations described in Problems 3.18 and 3.19 , respectively, are examples of a flow configuration called a cross. flow cascade. Figure 3.30 is a schematic diagram of a cross-flow cascade of ideal stages. Each stage is represented by a circle, and within each stage mass transfer occurs as if in cocurrent flow. The L phase flows from one stage to the next, being contacted in each stage by a fresh V phase. If the equilibrium-distribution curve of the cross-flow cascade is everywhere straight and of slope m, it can be shown that (Treybal, 1980) N=ln(S+1)ln[XNY0/mX0Y0/m] where S is the stripping factor, mVS/LS, constant for all stages, and N is the total Solve Problem (3.19) using equation (3-69) and compare the results number of stages. obtained by both methods. Answer: 78.1%