(4) Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) examined how people conform to norms concerning littering; specifically, whether a person's tendency to litter depended on the amount of litter already in the area. Subjects were handed a handbill as they entered an amusement park. The entrance area had already been prepared with either no litter, a small amount of litter, or a lot of litter lying on the ground. The subjects were observed to determine whether they dropped their handbills on the ground. The frequency data are as follows: Amount of litter None Little Lots Littered 17 28 49 Did not litter 73 62 41 (a) What kind of test should you use to answer this question? (b) Sketch out the expected frequency table (i.e., the null hypothesis table). (c) Do these data demonstrate a significant relationship (at alpha = 0.05) between the amount of existing litter and a person's tendency to litter? Show your work, cite your results in standard format, and provide an answer to the question in plain English (not just the statistical/numerical answer, but an answer to the question that was asked of you). Hint: keep track of two decimal places, in which case the main test statistic will be 25.89. (d) What is the size of the treatment effect? (Use Cramer's V). Would Cohen call it a small, medium, or large effect?