$4.$ Fractional distillation separates crude oil into various fractions based on differences in $\_\_,$ leading to products like and $\_\_.$

$5.$ The ASTM distillation method provides insights into the $\_\_$ range of petroleum products, helping refine products like and $\_\_.$

$6.$ True Boiling Point $($TBP$)$ distillation offers a detailed curve representing the boiling points of crude oil components, crucial for $\_\_$ optimization and determining $\_\_$ yields.

$7.$ Equilibrium Flash Vaporization $($EFV$)$ is used to simulate a $\_\_$ stage vaporization process of crude oil, providing data essential for design and $\_\_$ management.