4. Liability and Defensive Medicine: Currie & MacLeod (QJE, 2008) analyze the effects of tort law changes on physicians' behaviors (procedure use) and patients' outcomes. (10 points) a. Did the reform to the Joint and Several Liability rule increase or decrease the physician's liability? According to the estimation results in the paper, what effects did the reform to JSL have on preventable complications and on the probability of C-sections? b. Did the change in caps on damages increase or decrease the physician's liability? According to the estimation results in the paper, what effects did the change in liability caps have on preventable complications and on the probability of C-sections? c. Briefly, provide the intuition for these results in terms of physician's incentives and risks. What other physician incentive is at play in this case besides trying to avoid the risk of malpractice? d. What does this evidence mean with respect to changes in the threat of malpractice and the use of defensive medicine?