4. Please explain why validity and reliability tests are needed for constructs such as customer loyalty, purchase intention, perceived value, etc. Also explain whether those tests are needed for variables such as gender, age, or income level. (15 marks)

5. Please refer to the situations in any workplace/personal experiences. Using the situations there, create different research scenarios that suitable to be analyzed using the following methods:

a. One Sample T-Test (5 marks)

b. Independent Sample T-Test (5 marks)

c. Pair Sample T-Test (5 marks)

d. One-Way Anova (5 marks)