4: summary(aov(score~trials+Error(sub/trials))) Error: sub Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Residuals 4 79.7 19.93 Error: sub:trials Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) trials 3 1324.4 441.5 27.43 1.18e-05 *** Residuals 12 193.1 16.1 --- Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 > M=tapply(score, trials,mean) > sd=tapply(score, trials,sd) > n=tapply(score,trials,length) > se= sd/sqrt(n) > cbind(mean=M,std.dev=sd,std.error=se, n=n) mean std.dev std.error n gorilla 73.6 1.816590 0.8124038 5 hippo 71.0 1.000000 0.4472136 5 ostrich 71.8 2.489980 1.1135529 5 tiger 90.8 7.596052 3.3970576 5 > pairwise.t.test(score, trials, paired=T, p.adjust.method ="bonferroni") Pairwise comparisons using paired t tests data: score and trials gorilla hippo ostrich hippo 0.153 - - ostrich 1.000 1.000 - tiger 0.047 0.036 0.015 P value adjustment method: bonferroni