4. The crowding out effect refers to how a government budget deficit a. Shifts the saving supply curve leftward. b. Shifts the investment demand curve leftward. C. Increases the equilibrium quantity of Investment. d. Decreases the equilibrium quantity of investment. 5.Which of the following are included in the income approach to measuring GDP? a. Rent, wages, interest. b. Interest, net exports of goods and services, consumption expenditure. c. Wages, Interest, government expenditure on goods and services. d. Rent, wages, net export of goods and services. 6. When the nominal interest rate equals zero, the real interest rate equals a. The negative of the inflation rate. b. The inflation rate minus one percent. C. The negative of the CPI. d. The CPI minus one percent