4. What is the present value of the flow of maintenance costs over time (years 1-25) resulting from a change to the new management policy? (2 points) I. Policy/Management Scenario The managers of Smithgall Woods-Dukes Creek Conservation Area have determined that they want Smithgall Woods to provide two primary services valued by people: 1) on-site recreation, and 2) off-site preservation services such as clean drinking water and fish and wildlife existence values. The managers have also determined that there are two primary" stakeholder" groups they are concerned about: 1) people who live near Smithgall Woods who have a relatively higher demand for on-site recreation as compared to off-site preservation services (locals), and 2) people who live far away from Smithgall Woods who have a relatively higher demand for off- site preservation services as compared to on-site recreation (nonlocals). The managers realize that there is a limited amount of on-site recreation and off-site preservation services they can provide because of their limited inputs including natural resources (e.g., the fixed size of Smithgall Woods), labor (e.g., fixed number of employees), and capital (e.g., fixed equipment). The Smithgall Woods managers have hired you to help evaluate a possible management changes. As a first step in this process, you have conducted economic valuation studies and have determined using the travel cost method that the value of a recreation visitor day (RVD) to $20.00 to locals (Group A) and $10,00 to nonlocals (Group B). You have also determined using the contingent valuation method that the value of one unit of off-site preservation services (OPS) is $10,00 to locals (Group A) and $20,00 to nonlocals (Group B). By working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have determined that the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) expects them to evaluate any changes in management by calculating a Benefit-Cost Ratio and Net Present Value. The planning horizon is 25 years. The discount rate to be used is 6%. II. Benefit-Cost Analysis Working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have determined that under current management, the amounts of primary services to both groups are as follows. Service Levels Under Current Management (Years 1-25) Group RVDS OPS Locals (Group A) 400 days/year 200 units/year Nonlocals (Group B) 100 days/year 700 units/year You have also calculated primary costs under current management as follows. Year "With Policy" "Without Policy" Net Change Primary Costs Under Current Management Year 0 Benefits 1. Recreation A. Locals Years 1-25 Year 25 0 1-25 SO $11,000/year SO $8,000/year SO $3,000/year 1. Facilities Construction SO $10,000/year SO B. Nonlocals 2. Facilities Maintenance 0 1-25 SO $23,000/year SO SO $3,500/year SO $1,000/year SO $2,500/year 3. Operating Expenses SO $55,000/year SO 2. OPS A. Locals 4. Restoration SO SO $10,000 B. Nonlocals 0 1-25 0 1-25 SO $5,000/year SO $20,500/year SO $2,000/year SO $14,000/year SO $3,000/year SO $6,500/year 3. TOTAL The new management policy being considered by the Smithgall Woods managers seeks to increase RVDs and off-site preservation services going to both groups, with the priority being provision of off-site preservation services. Working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have predicted that the service levels under the new management policy will be as follows. 0 1-25 0 $40,000/year SO $25,000/year SO $15,000/year Costs 1. Construction Service Levels Under New Management Policy (Years 1-25) 0 1-25 $50,000 $ 15,000/year SO $10,000/year $50,000 $5,000/year Group RVDs OPS 2. Maintenance 0 1-25 SO $25,000/year SO $23,000/year Locals (Group A) 550/year 500/year SO $2,000/year SO $3,000/year 3. Operating Nonlocals (Group B) 350/year 1,025/year 0 1-25 SO $58,000/year $20,000 SO $55,000/year 4. Restoration 25 $10,000 $10,000 You have calculated primary costs under the new management policy as follows. 4. TOTAL Primary Costs Under New Management Policy 0 1-25 25 $50,000/year $98,000/year SO $88,000/year $50,000 $10,000/year $10,000 Year 0 1. Facilities Construction $50,000 Years 1-25 Year 25 $15,000 SO $25,000 SO 2. Facilities Maintenance SO 3. Operating Expenses SO $58,000 SO 4. Restoration SO SO $20,000 The "With" and "without" policy benefits and costs, and the net change in benefits and costs, are summarized in the table below. 4. What is the present value of the flow of maintenance costs over time (years 1-25) resulting from a change to the new management policy? (2 points) I. Policy/Management Scenario The managers of Smithgall Woods-Dukes Creek Conservation Area have determined that they want Smithgall Woods to provide two primary services valued by people: 1) on-site recreation, and 2) off-site preservation services such as clean drinking water and fish and wildlife existence values. The managers have also determined that there are two primary" stakeholder" groups they are concerned about: 1) people who live near Smithgall Woods who have a relatively higher demand for on-site recreation as compared to off-site preservation services (locals), and 2) people who live far away from Smithgall Woods who have a relatively higher demand for off- site preservation services as compared to on-site recreation (nonlocals). The managers realize that there is a limited amount of on-site recreation and off-site preservation services they can provide because of their limited inputs including natural resources (e.g., the fixed size of Smithgall Woods), labor (e.g., fixed number of employees), and capital (e.g., fixed equipment). The Smithgall Woods managers have hired you to help evaluate a possible management changes. As a first step in this process, you have conducted economic valuation studies and have determined using the travel cost method that the value of a recreation visitor day (RVD) to $20.00 to locals (Group A) and $10,00 to nonlocals (Group B). You have also determined using the contingent valuation method that the value of one unit of off-site preservation services (OPS) is $10,00 to locals (Group A) and $20,00 to nonlocals (Group B). By working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have determined that the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) expects them to evaluate any changes in management by calculating a Benefit-Cost Ratio and Net Present Value. The planning horizon is 25 years. The discount rate to be used is 6%. II. Benefit-Cost Analysis Working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have determined that under current management, the amounts of primary services to both groups are as follows. Service Levels Under Current Management (Years 1-25) Group RVDS OPS Locals (Group A) 400 days/year 200 units/year Nonlocals (Group B) 100 days/year 700 units/year You have also calculated primary costs under current management as follows. Year "With Policy" "Without Policy" Net Change Primary Costs Under Current Management Year 0 Benefits 1. Recreation A. Locals Years 1-25 Year 25 0 1-25 SO $11,000/year SO $8,000/year SO $3,000/year 1. Facilities Construction SO $10,000/year SO B. Nonlocals 2. Facilities Maintenance 0 1-25 SO $23,000/year SO SO $3,500/year SO $1,000/year SO $2,500/year 3. Operating Expenses SO $55,000/year SO 2. OPS A. Locals 4. Restoration SO SO $10,000 B. Nonlocals 0 1-25 0 1-25 SO $5,000/year SO $20,500/year SO $2,000/year SO $14,000/year SO $3,000/year SO $6,500/year 3. TOTAL The new management policy being considered by the Smithgall Woods managers seeks to increase RVDs and off-site preservation services going to both groups, with the priority being provision of off-site preservation services. Working with the Smithgall Woods managers, you have predicted that the service levels under the new management policy will be as follows. 0 1-25 0 $40,000/year SO $25,000/year SO $15,000/year Costs 1. Construction Service Levels Under New Management Policy (Years 1-25) 0 1-25 $50,000 $ 15,000/year SO $10,000/year $50,000 $5,000/year Group RVDs OPS 2. Maintenance 0 1-25 SO $25,000/year SO $23,000/year Locals (Group A) 550/year 500/year SO $2,000/year SO $3,000/year 3. Operating Nonlocals (Group B) 350/year 1,025/year 0 1-25 SO $58,000/year $20,000 SO $55,000/year 4. Restoration 25 $10,000 $10,000 You have calculated primary costs under the new management policy as follows. 4. TOTAL Primary Costs Under New Management Policy 0 1-25 25 $50,000/year $98,000/year SO $88,000/year $50,000 $10,000/year $10,000 Year 0 1. Facilities Construction $50,000 Years 1-25 Year 25 $15,000 SO $25,000 SO 2. Facilities Maintenance SO 3. Operating Expenses SO $58,000 SO 4. Restoration SO SO $20,000 The "With" and "without" policy benefits and costs, and the net change in benefits and costs, are summarized in the table below