Below is a diagram of a portion of an electrical system where two wires (shown in blue) are electrically joined with two vias (shown in orange). As you can see the vias are connected in parallel (if the wires have no resistance). The combined resistance of the two vias is described as follows: Ruta:||PRvia2 = (Rytal R + Rvia-T via - TOTAL - Or alternatively using conductance, G = 1/R, as follows: 1 vial Rvia2) -1 y 0.1 0.04 0.04 0.1 Gvia TOTAL X Rvia- When fabricated, the resistance (and thus conductance) of each via will be variable. Assume (unrealistically) that the conductance, of each via, can be modeled using uniformly distributed random variables X and Y with a maximum of 0.1 1/ohms and a minimum value of 0.04 1/ohms. The PDF is shown below. Further assume that the combined conductance, Gvia - TOTAL, is described by the random variable W=X+Y. fxx(x,y) 1 via- TOTAL = fxx(x,y) = 0.06 (Gvia1 + Gvia2) 2 ) 0, .04y