4.Apply your knowledge of the litigation process and criminal law.Assume that plea bargaining (the process of the state [or a prosecutor] negotiating a "settlement" of a criminal case with a defendant) is costless and that these negotiations will save both the state and the defendant any expenses that would have been incurred in a trial.Suppose a prosecutor expects to convict a defendant with a probability of 0.5 and that the sentence on conviction is 10 years in prison.Assume the prosecutor values prison time at $1,000 per year (its value as a deterrent of crime), and incurs a cost of trial equal to $2,000 if the case goes to trial.If the prosecutor's objective is to maximize the expected value of the sentence imposed less trial costs (if any), and if the prosecutor is permitted by law to plea bargain, (meaning negotiate a "settlement" with the defendant in which the defendant and the prosecutor agree to a pre-determined sentence in exchange for the defendants pleading guilty to some lesser charge, all to avoid the costs of a trial), what is the minimum prison sentence the prosecutor will be interested in obtaining?

a.10 years

b.5 years

c.3 years

d.1 year

12.In the recent Supreme Court decision of Ramos v. Louisiana, which we discussed in class, the Court held by a 6-3 vote that jury verdicts in criminal cases are required to be unanimous.Justice Gorsuch wrote the majority opinion.Justice Alito dissented, joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Kagan.Based on voting patterns from the 2018 term of the Supreme Court, the probability that

a.Justices Gorsuch and Alito would have disagreed on a decision was only about 25%.

b.Justices Alito and Kagan would have agreed on a decision was less than 50%.

c.Justice Gorsuch and Chief Justice Roberts agreed about half the time.

d.any Justice regularly and routinely agree with any other Justice is not statistically significant.