$52$:$533$:$365$ Human Resource Managementv$3\mathrm{.}0\mathrm{.}2$ Laura Portolese$5\mathrm{.}7$ Chapter Summary & Discussion AssignmentChapter SummaryThe selection process refers to the steps involved in choosing someone who has the right qualifications to fill a current or future job opening.There are five main steps in the selection process. First, criteria should be developed to determine how the person will be chosen. Second, a review of the applications and r$$sum$$s is conducted, often via a computer program that can find keywords. Next, the employee is interviewed. The last steps involve administering tests, such as a personality test or drug test, and making the offer to the right candidate.The first step in selection is to review r$$sum$$s$.$ Even before you do this, though, it is important to develop criteria against which each candidate will be measured. Criteria can come from the job description as well as the job qualifications.Other tools, such as cognitive ability tests, credit checks, or personality tests, can be used to determine qualifications. When developing your criteria for interviewing, determine the level the applicant needs to meet the minimum criteriafor example, a minimum score for a personality test.We should be concerned with validity and reliability of measurement tools. Validity refers to how valid the test isthat is$,$ how well a test measures a candidates abilities to do a job. Reliability refers to which selection techniques yield similar data or results over time. It is important to choose the right measurement tool used to determine whether the candidate meets the criteria.Use of criteria before the interview process starts is also important to make sure disparate impact or disparate treatment do not occur in the interview process.When hiring, there is the option of internal and external candidates. Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Internal candidates may be able to hit the ground running but external candidates may come in with new perspectives. Even if an internal candidate seems to be the best hire, it is best to still perform the process of posting the job and interviewing, since other less vocal employees might be qualified internal candidates as well. In other words, dont assume one person is the obvious choice for the promotion.Traditional, telephone, panel, informational, meal, group, and video are types of interviews. A combination of several of these may be used to determine the best candidate for the job. A structured interview format means the questions are determined ahead of time, and unstructured means the questions are based on the individual applicant. The advantage of a structured interview is that all candidates are rated on the same criteria. Before interviewing occurs, criteria and questions for a structured interview should be developed.Interview questions can revolve around situational questions or behavioral questions. Situational questions focus on asking someone what they would do in a given situation, while behavioral questions ask candidates what they would have done in certain situations.Interview questions about national origin, marital status, age, religion, and disabilities are illegal. To avoid any legal issues, it is important for interviewers to be trained on which questions cannot be asked. The halo effect, which assumes that one desirable trait means all traits are desirable, should also be avoided.The process involved in interviewing a person includes the following steps: recruit new candidates; establish criteria for which candidates will be rated; develop interview questions based on the analysis; set a time line for interviewing and decision making; connect schedules with others involved in the interview process; set up interviews with candidates and set up any testing procedures; interview the candidates and perform any necessary testing; and once all results are back, meet with the hiring team to discuss each candidate and make a decision based on the established criteria. Finally, put together an offer for the candidate.Developing a rapport, being honest, and managing the interview process are tips to having a successful interview.Once the interview process is complete, some companies use other means of measuring candidates. For example, work samples are an excellent way of seeing how someone might perform at your company.An aptitude test or achievement test can be given. An aptitude test measures how well someone might be able to do something, while an achievement test measures what the candidate already knows. Tests that measure cognitive ability and personality are examples.Some organizations also perform drug tests and physical tests. A physical test might consist of being able to lift a certain amount of weight, if required for the job. Honesty tests are also given, which measure the honesty level of the candidate. However, these tests may not be reliable, since someone can guess the right answer.Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking websites are used to gather information about a candidate. Calling references is another option.Every person interviewing the candidate should have a selection model; this method utilizes a statistical approach as opposed to a clinical approach. The selection table lists the criteria on the left and asks interviewers to provide a rating for each. This method can allow for a more consistent way of measuring candidates.The job of the HR professional isnt finished once the selection is made. The next step is to make the offer. This step is important, because if it isnt done properly, you could lose the candidate or have ill feelings at the onset of the employment relationship.Once you have made the decision to hire someone, make the offer to the candidate right away. Normally this is done through a phone call and a follow$-$up e$-$mail, outlining the details of the offer.It is not unusual for someone to negotiate salary or benefits. Know how far you can negotiate, and also be aware of how your current employees will be affected if you offer this person a higher salary.If you are having trouble coming to an agreement, be creative in what you can offer; for example, offer flextime instead of higher pay.Discussion AssignmentThe Four$-$Fifths RuleThe four$-$fifths rule is a way of measuring adverse impact in selection processes of organizations. It works like this: assume your organization requires a cognitive test for employment. You set a test score of $70$ as the required pass rate for the candidate to be considered for an interview. Based on our numbers, if $50$ percent of men passed this test with a score of $70,$ then four$-$fifths or $40$ percent of women should also be able to pass the test. You might calculate it like this:GenderTotal Scoring $70$ or AboveTotal Taking the TestPercentMale$526283\mathrm{.}8$ or $84$ percent passedFemale$365862\mathrm{.}07$ or $62$ percentIf you divide the total of those who scored above $70$ by the total number who took the test, it shows the percentage of $84$ percent passed the test. If you divide the number of women who passed by the total number of women who took the test, you come up with $62$ percent. Then divide $62$ percent by $84$ percent $(62/84=73\mathrm{.}8$ percent$).$ The resulting $74$ percent means that it is below the $80$ percent or the four$-$fifths rule, and this test could be considered to have disparate impact.This is only an indicator as to how the selection process works for the organization, and other factors, such as sample size, can impact the reliability of this test. Using the tables below, please calculate possible disparate impact and then answer the questions that follow.National OriginPassing Test ScoreTotal Number Taking the TestPercentCaucasians$5689$Minority groups$4862$AgePassing Test ScoreTotal Number Taking the TestPercentPeople under $402852$People over $402361$GenderPassing Test ScoreTotal Number Taking the TestPercentMale$7182$Female$6485$Discussion QuestionsPlease calculate the above numbers using the four$-$fifths rule. Based on your calculation:Which group or groups might be affected negatively by this test?What would be your considerations before changing any selection tools based on this data?How might you change your selection process to ensure disparate impact isnt occurring at your organization?