51 refers to a culture that is open, honest and communicates the values of the organization to persons at all levels, both internal and external to the organization. This culture is set by the Board of Directors, Audit Committee, and corporate officers. a. Utilitarian principle b. Imperative principle c. Tone at the top d. Generalization principle c. Means versus the ends (52. A related party transaction is a specific type of where an employee, manager or executive has an undisclosed economic or personal interest in a transaction that adversely affects the company. a. Kickback scheme b. Market manipulation c. Spinning d. Conflict of interest 53. In regards to the case CIT, all of the following were red flags except: a. Niakan would handle large orders himself. ? b. Management was under pressure to increase sales. c. Haley had large medical bills outstanding. d. Controls were not in place, leading to the ability circumvent approved resellers. 54. According to the famous speech by Arthur Levitt titled "The Numbers Game," an illusion played by some companies is to use unrealistic assumptions to estimate liabilities for items such as sales returns, loan losses, warranty costs, accruals. They can also include bad debt estimates or litigation costs that can be reversed in another period. This accounting gimmick is termed a. Revenue recognition b. Cookie jar reserves c. Materiality d. Big bath c. R&D manipulation (55. Organizations that have experienced fraud or abuse often devise an entity action plan to correct or prevent the practice from happening again. This appropriate action to self-correct their material deficiencies to minimize future weaknesses and ensure proper segregation of duties is termed: a. Remediation c. Rationalization b. Concealment d. Convertibility