52. A budgeting approach that requires a manager to justify the entire budget for each budget period is known as a. performance budgeting. b. program budgeting. c. zero-base budgeting. d. incremental budgeting.

53. A companys board of directors has requested a full in-depth review of all budgeted items for next fiscal years operating budget. The controller of the company subsequently advised all business unit heads that the company will not automatically approve operating budget items for next fiscal year simply because they were approved in the past, and that all operating budget items for next fiscal year will need to be justified. Based on the above information, which one of the following budgeting systems is the company most likely using? a. Activity-based budgeting. b. Zero-based budgeting. c. Project budgeting. d. Flexible budgeting.