6. Finally, we'll discuss neocolonialism again, so be sure to have a good idea about what it is and how current world powers are peocolonists. LECTURE 5a: EXPORT ECONOMIES 1. What is a 'banana republic"? 2. How did banana republics come to be? 3. What are primary exports? What sector of the economy do these exports typically represent? 4. What are the characteristics of cash crops? What are common cash crops? Why are they usually exported as "raw" materials? 5. What are "economies of scale"? How do "economies of scale" increase profit? How is this economic principle applied in plantation agriculture? A. What is the key "bottleneck" when applying economies of scale? 7. What are extractive industries? Why are they considered a "companion" industry to plantation. agriculture? B. What are the problems associated with export-led development (or raw material export economies)? 8. How do you capture the "added value" of a processed commodity? 10. What is the difference between a "transitioning" economy and a "leapfrogging" economy? Which. sector of the economy is developed in each? What sort of investment in infrastructure does each require? LECTURE 5b: URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION 1. What is the difference between internal and external migration? between voluntary and involuntary (forced) migration? 2. What are "push" and "pull" factors associated with migration? What are the push and pull factors. driving migrants for Central America to the US? 3. What is urbanization? What are the "push" and "pull factors associated with high rates of urbanization. in South America? 4. What is the difference between an urbanization rafe and percent urban (or urban population)? 5. What does it mean when I wam that "urban isn't universal"? 8. Why is even a "small" urbanization rate of 3% actually a very big deal? 7. When did a lot of Latin American urbanization occur? B. Latin America urbanized earlier, but what two world regions are urbanizing the fastest today? B. What is the relationship between urbanization and slums (or informal housing)? LECTURE 6a: GROWING CHANGE VIDEO 1. What were the key causes of Venezuela's food crisis? 2. 75%% of Venezuela's land was controlled by 5% of the land-holding population. What did these people do with their big ranches? 3. When people left the rural lands, where did they move to? Where did the wealthy people live? and the. majority of the population? 4. Where were raw foods that were grown in Venezuela (like cacao and fish) being exported? 5. What caused the 1080 Caracazo uprising? 3. What was the "first challenge" in achieving food sovereignty? What does it mean to reclaim land? 7. How are programs helping cacao (chocolate) producers to capture more of the "value added" to the product? B. In 2008, Venezuela passed the Law of Food Sovereignty and Food Security, which mandated that before exporting, agribusiness must do what?4. Understand the concept of competitive advantage and how it encourages global (or at least international) trade. 5. What is the global digital divide? Generally speaking. what parts of the world are more connected and what parts are less connected? Does the map of the global digital divide support or undermine the view that globalization is increasing connections between people and places around the world? 6. Why might a country practice protectionism in order to discourage international trade? 7. According to geographers, what is so new about globalization? For example, world trade is globalized, but it isn't new. How recently did the intensity (speed and amount) globalization markedly increase? LECTURE 2b: COLONIZATION 1. What is imperialism? What is Empire? Know some of the key benefits (+ side) and problems (- side) associated with imperialism. 2. What is colonialism? 3. What was the relationship between European exploration and colonialism? 4. What were the key motivations for European colonization? 5. How is colonialism different from imperialism? 6. What is the difference between "traditional" imperialism and European colonialism? How did this influence the movement of people and resources during the colonial period? 7. During the colonial period, how did resources and people move between colonizing countries and their colonies? 8. What was the difference between "early" and "late" European colonialism? 9. Which continent best exemplifies the patterns of territorial expansion associated with early colonialism? and late colonialism? 10. What are unnatural borders? Why do they matter? 11. What was the Berlin Conference? 12. When did most former colonies (especially those in Africa and Asia) achieve Independence? 13. What does the term decolonization mean? When did most European colonies achieve independence? 14. What were some of the lasting impacts of European colonialism? 15. What is neo-colonialism? ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FROM LECTURE and DISCUSSION on Wednesday, Sept. 14 1. What was described as the primary driver behind the explosion in global trade since the 1970s? 2. Despite the rise of "global" trade, most trade actually doesn't occur between all countries but between what types of countries? 3. What is a comparative advantage? How does that concept drive global trade? Why doesn't it work out as theorized? 4. What is protectionism? Why be protectionist? 5. After the end of most European colonial empires after WWII, how have legacies of colonialism shaped our world today