6. Statistical power (the ability to detect an effect statistically, if one exists) is based mainly on which study characteristics? A. Study team, experience of investigators B. Sample size and effect size C. Study design and selection criteria D. Beta and gamma values 7. In a meta-analysis, what is the appropriate response to finding significant heterogeneity of effects? A. Report the average effect, incorporating the heterogeneity B. Invalidating the meta-analysis C. Seeking unpublished articles D. Exploring potential sources of the heterogeneity 8. In the post-COVID-19 context, which is NOT a limitation of the traditional evidence-based medicine paradigm? A. Policy decisions often need to be made before rigorous RCT studies can be completed B. Important policy consideration cannot be included in RCT designs due to ethical considerations C. RCTs for pharmacotherapy are too burdensome D. Diseases are often part of complex systems that are difficult to study using RCT methods 9. Which was NOT a consequence for the makers of Vioxx, a drug that claimed 38,000 lives in the US? A. A brief low-security jail sentence for the CEO B. The CEO stepped down C. Paid a huge fine D. Removed the drug from the market 10. Which is the most likely reason for the failure to remove Vioxx from the market when the first evidence of excess cardiovascular health events were observed? A. Financial conflicts of interest led the company to downplay the concerns B. The FDA rarely removes an approved drug C. The drug's DSMB had not yet met D. Because Vioxx was approved on an emergency basis and the FDA was waiting for full approval