6. Why the aggregate-supply curve slopes upward in the short run In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen. For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogues and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 90. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalogue sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogues will remain the same * , and firms that rely on catalogues will respond by reducing * the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected decrease in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to rise above * the natural level of output in the short run. Suppose the economy's short-run aggregate-supply (AS) curve is given by the following equation: Quantity of Output Supplied = Natural Level of Output + a X (Price Level Actual - Price Level Expected)The Greek letter o represents a number that determines how much output responds to unexpected changes in the price level. In this case, assume that o = $2 billion. That is, when the actual price level exceeds the expected price level by 1, the quantity of output supplied will exceed the natural level of output by $2 billion. Suppose the natural level of output is $60 billion of real GDP and that people expect a price level of 100. On the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot this economy's long-run aggregate-supply (LRAS) curve. Then use the orange line segments (square symbol) to plot the economy's short-run aggregate-supply (AS) curve at each of the following price levels: 90, 95, 100, 105, and 110. (?) 125 O 120 AS 115 110 105 LRAS PRICE LEVEL 100 95 90 85 80 75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars) The short-run quantity of output supplied by firms will rise above the natural level of output when the actual price level rises above _ the price level that people expected