6.2.3 Different Return Business Models There are three main ways to run RL supply chains (see Fig. 6.4). The term closed-loop describes the process where used materials or products are returned and processed by the manufacturer and thus the same party that is respon sible for the forward logistics. Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) is thus one of the business models used in reverse logistics where the manufacturer organises the full five-stage process of RL. Examples of CLSC include IBM, Xerox and Canon. The advantages of operating a CLSC can be found in the direct and indirect economic benefits discussed earlier in this chapter, as well as the control that the manufacturer keeps over the product flows. By keeping RL in-house, the manufacturer can protect Closed Manufacturer Distribution Consumer loop 2 Manufacturer Distribution Open Consumer loop 3PL 3 Manufacturer Distribution Consumer Independent operator Independent operator AA Theshot on moto g stylus (xt2115dl) Susan Freeman Smith turn business, models. Source: Kumar and Putnam (2008), E] Oct 28, 2022, 1:08 AM