8) A professor tests whether the loudness of noise during an exam (low, medium, and high) is independent of exam grades (pass, fail). The following table shows the observed frequencies for this test.

Noise Level Low Medium High Exam Pass 19 18 9 46 Fail 9 6 10 25 28 24 19 N = 71 (a) Conduct a chi-square test for independence at a 0.05 level of significance. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) 2 Xobt = Decide whether to retain or reject the null hypothesis. Retain the null hypothesis. Reject the null hypothesis. (b) Compute effect size using Cramer's V. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) V =